Abstract [Apple orchard management technology: General fruit growers do not attach much importance to the management of late autumn orchards, and the autumn orchards should grasp good basic fertilizers in autumn. The nitrogen and phosphorus in the base fertilizer account for 70% of the total amount of the whole year, and the use of potash fertilizer accounts for the annual total amount. 50%
Late autumn coincides with the peak of apple tree root growth, and it is also a critical period for tree nutrient accumulation. At this time, the fruit has been harvested. To strengthen orchard management will play an important role in increasing tree nutrients, promoting flower bud differentiation, increasing tree trunks, increasing tree vigor, improving tree stress resistance, and safely wintering to ensure high yield, stable yield and high quality in the next year. However, generally, the fruit growers do not place much emphasis on the management of the late autumn orchards and believe that after the fruit is harvested, everything will be fine and the fruit trees will only be trimmed. According to the author's many years of practical experience and surveys, the orchards in late autumn should be managed in the following areas:
First, autumn basal fertilizer. Basal fertilizer plays a decisive role in the high yield, stable production and high quality of apple trees. The best suitable period for autumn basal fertilization is generally from mid-to-late September to mid-October (that is, after ripening fruit is harvested). Early autumn is better than late autumn, and late autumn is better than early spring. In early autumn, due to various reasons, there is no orchard orchard. Late autumn hastened to apply basal fertilizer quickly. Do not wait until early spring. The basal organic fertilizer is the main organic fertilizer. The organic fertilizer is slow to decompose and has long fertilizer effect. In autumn, it can be combined with appropriate amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potash or compound fertilizer to accelerate the decomposition of organic fertilizer and fully exert the fertilizer effect, which will facilitate the timely absorption of the root system. The amount of fertilization depends on tree vigor, age, variety, and yield. Big trees and weak trees should be applied in multiple ways. Saplings and trees should be used sparingly. Trees with large numbers of flowers should be applied in multiple ways, with little or no flowers. Generally, 30-50 kilograms of organic fertilizer is applied to each young tree, and the appropriate quantified fertilizer is applied. The amount of organic manure applied is calculated according to the standard of “pound and jin weightâ€. The amount of chemical fertilizer applied requires 1.2 kg of pure nitrogen per 100 kg of fruit. 1.0 kg of pure phosphorus and 1.2 kg of pure potassium were applied. The amount of nitrogen and phosphorus in the basal fertilizer accounted for 70% of the total amount of the year, and the use of potash fertilizer accounted for 50% of the total annual amount.
Second, foliar spray fertilizer. Foliar fertilizer has the advantages of less fertilizer, quick effect and high utilization rate. In the late autumn, the fruit is harvested and before defoliation, with the protection of the leaves, the fruit can be sprayed with 200-400 times the fruit amino acid or urea 200 times, spray once every 7-10 days, even spray 2 or 3 times, can also be used Friends of amino acids coated dry 1 or 2 times, in order to increase the storage of nutrients in the tree, to prevent the premature fall of fruit tree leaves.
Third, protect the leaves. The leaves are the accumulation plants of nutrients in fruit trees. The quality of fruit trees is mainly based on the accumulation of nutrients and the amount of stored organic matter. The larger the leaf area, the more organic matter produced by photosynthesis and the better the flower bud differentiation. . After the harvest of late autumn fruits should be taken measures to protect the leaves from pests and diseases, especially when there is a lot of rain in the later period, it is easy to cause early defoliation, spider mites, leaf miners and other hazards, and the fungicides and insecticides should be sprayed in time. Prevention.
Fourth, anti-corrosion disease. The end of October and November are the peak period of rot disease. At this time, it is necessary to check the occurrence of rot disease. Once rot disease has been found, it will be scraped early to prevent the disease from expanding and spreading and weakening the tree. The prevention of rot disease is to "scrape early, scrape, and scrape."
Fifth, thoroughly clean the garden. The weeds, dead branches, fallen leaves, pests and diseases, crop stalks, and rough skin cracks on the trunks and large branches of the orchard are all wintering sites for germs and pests. In order to eradicate overwintering pests and diseases and reduce the incidence of diseases and insect pests in the coming year, the fruit trees must be carefully cleared of defoliants after the fallen leaves, scrape the old skin, scrape the lesions, cut the dry branches, remove the weeds, clear the straw, mash the fruit, pick up the nuts, and then concentrate them. Bring orchard burned or buried.
6. Deeply turn the soil. In the early winter, deep in the soil under the canopy, you can turn over the soil in the winter peach hawk moth, boat-shaped caterpillars, cockroaches and other pests out of the ground, allowing birds to feed or frozen to death. Deeply plowing the tree tray can also bury the pests hiding in the submerged grasses in the ground so that they can not be successfully exhumed in the following year. At the same time, deep turning can also loosen the soil, eliminate soil compaction, thicken the living soil layer, increase the gap between the soil, improve soil ventilation, light transmission, water permeability, and help accelerate the decomposition of organic nutrients and microbial activity. When deep-turning the soil, it should start from outside the tree, from shallow to deep, and turn it everywhere.
Seven, trunk white. After the fall of the apple in the late autumn, whitening the trunk and big branches will not only prevent the burning of the fruit trees and freezing damage, but also eliminate a large number of pathogens and insects that overwinter over the trunk.
Eight, cover grass anti-frost. The orchard covers the grass and can stabilize the temperature and regulate the soil temperature. In the late autumn, the use of a large amount of crop stalks left over from autumn crops to cover the orchards can maintain a low ground temperature, delay the budding and flowering of fruit trees in the second year, prevent late frost, low temperature and frost damage, increase the fruit setting rate, and increase the economic benefits of orchards. The thickness of the grass cover is 15 to 20 centimeters. Generally, it is only necessary to cover the tree tray. After covering the grass, the soil should be pressed slightly above the grass to prevent fire and strong winds. When grass is covered, it is generally about 20 cm from the trunk.
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