The bamboo bamboo is a giant bamboo bamboo for bamboo and bamboo. It is mainly produced in subtropical areas and has a long history of cultivation. It is one of the important economic bamboo species in the Yangtze River basin and its south. Ma bamboo also known as large-leaved black bamboo, single shoots weighing up to 5 kilograms, adult bamboo diameter of up to 20 to 25 cm, bamboo height of up to 25 meters. The first two years of bamboo growth slower, from the third year into the rapid growth period, the production of bamboo shoots and bamboo rod diameter increased rapidly. It is not only an economical plant, but also an ideal plant for afforesting barren hills and preventing soil erosion. Bamboos grow well at temperatures of -7°C to 42°C, PH values ​​between 4.5 and 8 on both sides of rivers and rivers, barren beaches, barren slopes, houses in front of houses, farmland, etc., and are widely cultivated and managed. With less investment cost and high economic value, one-time investment can benefit in the long run. In general, 111 acres (23 meters) or 222 trees (1.52 meters) are planted. In the year of cultivation, generally, 3 to 5 bamboo shoots per plant were produced, about 600 kg per mu, and 2000 to 3000 kg of fresh bamboo shoots per year were produced in the second year. In the period of high yield, the output of fresh bamboo shoots from 10,000 to 16,000 kilograms per mu after entering the high yield period will exceed 10,000 yuan. Each year from May to November for the production of bamboo shoots, the production of bamboo shoots for more than six months. As a new type of food, bamboo shoots are becoming the best-selling goods in the international and domestic markets, and the market potential is great. In terms of the domestic market, if a population of 1.2 billion people nationwide consumes 1 kilogram of fresh bamboo shoots per person, it will need to cultivate millions of acres of high-yield bamboo shoots to meet their needs. At present, the consumption of bamboo shoots and dried bamboo shoots in the international market is more than 5 million tons, but the market is far from saturated, which shows that the market has broad prospects. Except bamboo shoots, the bamboo stalks are thick and straight, and can be used for building materials, bamboo rafts, water pipes, and carrying rakes. Ma bamboo bamboo wall thickness, but the bamboo is relatively soft, through the process of processing for the plate, the higher economic efficiency. Mazhu bamboo huge leaf length of 15 to 35 cm, width 4 to 8 cm, can be used to make buckets, boat canopies, clothing and packaging supplies. In recent years, bamboo leaves have been used to extract ketones, leaf proteins, and some anti-aging substances, and bamboo leaf wine and bamboo juice drinks have also been produced. First, the method of building a bamboo forest 1. Set up a "four-side" forest soil preparation dig method warm and humid, moist, fertile soil, in the Yangtze River basin and the vast area south of the use of the edge of the Tanabe, After the house is planted, bamboo is planted on the front of the house to create a bamboo forest on both sides of the house. This can not only beautify and beautify the surrounding landscape, but also maintain water and soil, and can also harvest bamboo shoots and bamboo materials for economic benefits. The four sides are planted with bamboo. The general plots are sporadic and have different sizes and shapes. Therefore, the method of digging and planting bamboo is used in many ways. According to the specific topography and terrain, self-selected density, such as 23 meters, 33 meters, etc., can be used for site preparation and excavation. The planting hole is generally 70 centimeters wide and 60 inches long. About 40 centimeters in depth, about 40 centimeters in depth, the stones, weeds, and shrubs in the cave were removed, and the topsoil was filled in the lower layer. The subsoil was turned to the surface to facilitate weathering. Digging for soil preparation should be completed before winter freezing in the first year in order to facilitate soil ripening. In the 3 to 5 years after planting, the hole must be expanded year by year. 2. The site preparation and land preparation method for the forests includes the following three procedures: forest land clearing, comprehensive opening and digging. The quality of afforestation and soil preparation not only affects the survival rate, but also directly affects the speed of forestation and the yield of bamboo shoots. Hilly and hilly slopes usually adopt strip-level horizontal soil preparation, with a bandwidth of 1 to 1.5 meters, and the spacing of strips, which depends mainly on the design afforestation density, the arrangement of planting points, and the slope of the planting land. Generally, in the places with steep slopes, scarce vegetation, and serious soil erosion, the width of the belt spacing may be larger in order to retain and retain water and soil. The width of the strip to be plowed is also related to the slope, usually slopes of 10 to 20 degrees, 21 to 30 degrees, and 31 to 45 degrees, and the width of the ploughing strip is 2 to 3 meters. 2 to 2.5 meters and 1 to 1.5 meters. For steeply sloped ploughing belts, deep plowing can be carried out at a depth of 30 to 40 centimeters. For steeper ploughing belts, the planting holes can be dug (similar to the above method), but weeds and shrubs in the ploughing belt must be removed. The space is to be plowed every 3 to 5 years after the bamboo is to be planted. In places with steep slopes, in the first year of inter-zonal vegetation (grass-shrubs), we can only cut grasshoppers instead of digging them, and only dig holes to avoid water and soil erosion. After the bamboo shoots have survived the growth of bamboo shoots, they will be excavated every year from the second to the third year. If you are in the gentle slope of the gully or the alluvial area of ​​the river bank, you can use block-like land preparation. It is also possible to fully deepen or dig holes first. Digging soil in the site preparation must be completed before the soil is frozen in the first year. Second, bamboo seedling planting techniques 1. Ma bamboo seedlings planting time Ma bamboo generally in March to April hair leaves, 6 to September bamboo shoots, planting seedlings afforestation best in January to March bamboo "sleep" period. However, in different regions, due to different seasonal distributions of temperature and precipitation, afforestation time is different. For example, in spring when there is abundant rainfall and there is no spring drought, it can be planted from January to March. If there is obvious spring drought, but there are sufficient water sources for irrigation or irrigation conditions, it can also be cultivated within one to three months; For spring drought and poor irrigation, it is better to plant in the spring drought and the end of the spring and the rainfall in spring and the future. In this way, bamboo seedlings can quickly meet the body's water homeostasis after planting. This is an important part of ensuring the improvement of the survival rate of afforestation, and it is conducive to the launch of bamboo shoots. 2. Purchase and treatment of bamboo seedlings Bamboo seedlings should be purchased from regular companies. When a large number of seedlings are purchased, they should first go to the seedlings to inspect and sign relevant contracts. It is necessary to modify the soil first, the procedures for rearing the seedlings, and the time for transferring the seedlings. Should be digging, with the transport, with the plant. If it cannot be planted at one time, it should be placed on a cool, sheltered place, or be covered with straw and wetted with water. Long-distance transport must be transported by mud moisturizing packaging to prevent root buds from drying out. Care must be taken to protect the bamboo seedlings from damage during transportation or when getting on and off the train. Before planting, use sharp sharp knife to flatten the wound of bamboo head, remove light bamboo shoots, use thick mud (preferably add appropriate amount of rooting powder in mud, use the instructions on the bag of rooting powder, follow the instructions). Prepare to plant. 3. The planting method does not cause long-distance spreads in the soil due to the shortened internodes of the underground stem of the bamboo. When planting seedlings, open holes (ie, digging nests) must be planted on the soil or on the planting hole. The spatial treatment of the holes is very important. Each hole (per bush) is required to be composted with 15 to 25 kg of composted and miscellaneous fertilizer. Mix the topsoil with the topsoil and pour the bottom water. Then plant the bamboo shoots upright in the hole (direct planting is suitable for close planting, and conventional planting can also be used for oblique planting). When the bamboo raft covers the soil, the fine soil should be tightly integrated with it, and the seedlings should be properly raised. The second time the topsoil should be solid, and then the core and soil should be covered until the cave surface is curved to avoid water accumulation in the cave. The arc height is only higher. The seedlings of bamboo seedlings are 3 to 5 cm in diameter, and the depth of planting is based on a section from which bamboo shoots have just been exposed. Pay attention to the degree of soil compaction, can not be used to hit the soil with a hoe; after planting rooting water; after planting, can be covered with mulch or manuscript to keep the soil moist, in order to facilitate the development of new roots; if the soil is found to be dry after covering In case of continuous sunny weather, the film should be uncovered and then covered with a plastic film. When the temperature rises, the cover film will be removed when the summer arrives. Bamboo seedlings survived new roots before they could be fertilized as required. Fertilizers should not be fertilized when they are not alive or semi-live. III. The management and management techniques of Ma bamboo 1. The status of water in the soil of irrigated forest land is an important factor that affects the survival rate of afforestation. The newly planted bamboo seedlings, after digging, transporting and planting, are damaged by the roots and their ability to absorb water is reduced. If the soil moisture is insufficient, the bamboo seedlings will die due to water loss. On the contrary, if the poor drainage of forests leads to the accumulation of stagnant water, the root worms will not be able to breathe normally and will rot and die. Therefore, in the first year of afforestation, if there is a long period of drought or rain (7-10 days), when the soil is dry, it must be timely irrigated; and when the rain is not clear, the forest land is likely to be soiled and washed in time when the water is washed away. Drainage work. When irrigating, horizontal ditches can be excavated and diverted to gravity irrigation. The amount of irrigation is based on the degree of soil moisture. Drainage can be used to open drainage ditch around the forest, or dig out drainage ditch in the forest. 2. Weeding and weeding of newly made bamboo forests, before the closure of forest branches, weeding and weeding should be done 1 or 2 times a year. The first time was from May to June, when the weeds were young and perishable; the second time was from July to August. The leguminous crops can be interspersed between 1 and 3 years after the thin-sheltered forest is planted. At the same time, attention should be paid to the combination of loose soil and weeding for greening, greening the weeds and stacking them in the vicinity of the bamboo poles, as well as earthing effects. This is conducive to the growth of bamboo shoots and can increase production. 3. Fertilize 3 times a year. The first time spring fertilizer (basal fertilizer) was carried out in the middle and late March after the rubble exposure of the earth, which promoted the sprouting of shoots and increased the amount of bamboo shoots produced. Commonly used spring manure is manure, pig fat, cow dung, and cake fat. In general, 25 to 50 kilograms of manure, pig or manure, or 7 to 10 kilograms of decomposed cake fertilizer are applied to each clump, and 150 to 200 kg of compost can be applied to the pond. The fertilizer is applied to bamboo groves that have been opened. Around it, the soil was covered immediately after the application. The second and third fertilization (dressing) should be carried out at the beginning and during the peak period (June-August) of unearthed bamboo shoots to promote bamboo shoot growth and increase its yield. Top dressing is mainly quick-acting fertilizer, and each batch can be applied with NPK fertilizer (5:1:2) 1 to 1.5 kg, or urea, ammonium sulfate and other fertilizer 0.5 to 1 kg. First ditch the bamboo groves, spread the fertilizer evenly into the soil, or use water to dilute the fertilizer and water it. Then cover the soil immediately after the application. Care should be taken to prevent the fertilizer from directly contacting the shoots so as not to cause the bamboo shoots to shrink and die. 4. Unearthed bamboo shoots, bamboo shoots tan, bamboo shoots crisp and tender, delicious. After the bamboo shoots were uncovered and the light was received, the bamboo shoots turned green or dark brown, and the bamboo shoots were aged and the quality of bamboo shoots was reduced. Therefore, before bamboo shoots have been unearthed, using finely ground moist soil can prevent bamboo shoots from seeing light discoloration, prevent aging, and improve the quality of bamboo shoots. By cultivating soil, it is also possible to cultivate large bamboo shoots and increase yield. The thickness of cultured soil is generally 15 to 30 cm. 5. The basking of the soil is to expose the shoots on the bamboo culm to the surface of the soil and to expose the sun to sunlight, in order to increase the temperature, stimulate and promote the sprouting of the shoots, and to facilitate the fertilization. In general, at the end of February or the beginning of March, with the taro, the soil around the bamboo groves will be opened from the outside to the inside so that the shoots will appear outside the soil, but care should be taken not to damage the shoots. Then fill the soil with the fertilization cover. 6. Cutting bamboo shoots and cutting bamboo shoots should have a good grasp of the date, too early cutting of bamboo shoots, too tender bamboo shoots, and low yield; if too late, bamboo shoots will age and have poor quality. Generally, the temperature at the beginning and end of bamboo shoots is relatively low. Bamboo shoots grow slowly. They can be cut every 5 to 6 days. The shoots are in full bloom. The temperature is high, the growth is fast, and the bamboo shoots are easily aged. Every 3 to 4 days are cut once. . When cutting bamboo shoots, first open the soil around the bamboo shoots, cut them from the upper part of the bamboo shoots with a cutting bamboo shoot knife, and do not damage nearby shoots when cutting. After cutting, you must cover the bamboo shoots with cut bamboo shoots, such as sufficient fertilizer. The bamboo shoots sprout from its upper shoots. Combine cutting bamboo shoots and cover soil to loosen the weeds around the bamboo groves. 7. It is an important technical key to stay bamboo shoots to grow bamboo shoots and keep mother bamboos. Because bamboo forests are of different ages, reasonable age structure and reasonable number of bamboos kept in each clump are very important. It can be considered as the internal cause of bamboo forest yield formation. . Mother bamboo retention methods are the following two: 7.1 The first method of raising bamboo In the first year after bamboo plants were planted and afforested, among the bamboo shoots unearthed in the first batch, one or two of the bamboo shoots that were selected to stay healthy were reared ( A descendant of the mother bamboo division is called the first branch and the second branch). After the completion of Hsinchu, one-fifth to one-fourth of the bamboo shoots can be cut before the onset of winter to reduce transpiration, increase cold resistance, and promote multiple shoots in the coming year. This is called "stay mother." The key is not to go to the middle of the bamboo shoots in the middle and late to “stay motherâ€, that is, in the middle and late bamboo shoots can be fully digging. In the second year, all the unearthed bamboo shoots were dug out. This year, there were 5 to 10 kilograms of bamboo shoots that could be produced per clump. In the third year, the early and late bamboo shoots will be fully digged and only 2 or 3 mother plants will be selected for the first period and the second period. If the initial selection of mother bamboo will consume too much bamboo culm nutrients, affecting the current bamboo shoot production; and late-generation bamboo shoots, bamboo is often poor quality, and at this time choose to leave the mother bamboo to the winter tip has not yet been aging, vulnerable to freezing damage . In the fourth year, the mother bamboo was kept in the same year as the third year. By the end of the year, 7 to 8 strains of mother bamboo (1 to 4 years old bamboo) were kept in each bundle. At this time, bamboo forests have begun to enter closed forests, producing about 20 kilograms of bamboo shoots per culm. In the fifth year, all unearthed bamboo shoots can be fully dug. In the sixth year, in addition to the first batch of bamboo shoots, two bamboo shoots were selected, and all the bamboo shoots were excavated. At the end of the year, the mother bamboos that were kept in the first year and the mother bamboos that were planted were cut off. It will be conducted every five years thereafter. In the seventh, eighth and ninth years, only bamboo shoots were harvested, leaving no mother bamboo. In the tenth year, in addition to picking bamboo shoots, 3 to 4 new mother bamboos were selected for each clump, and mother bamboos that were kept in the third year were removed in winter. In short, the management and management of Ma bamboo is best maintained at 7 to 8 per bamboo cluster. After the afforestation survives, mother bamboo is left and shoots are harvested every year. Thinning occurs once every 4 to 5 years, and once again when the thinning occurs. It is best to dig old bamboo poles once in 8 to 10 years to relax the underground space, which is conducive to the sustainable use of forest land. 7.2 The second method of keeping mother bamboos is to stay in the 1st to 2nd year of “patriotsâ€, that is, the first batch of bamboo shoots in the first year shall be selected to retain 2-3 strains. In the next year, new bamboo shoots were grown on Hsinchu in the first year, and one to two strains were selected to grow into Hsinchu. In this way, there are 7-8 Hsinchu in each bamboo. In the third, fourth and fifth years, only bamboo shoots were cut and no mother bamboo was left. In addition to cut bamboo shoots in the sixth year, 3 to 4 new mother bamboos were selected for each clump and 3 to 4 old mother bamboos were cut in the winter. The seventh, eighth and nine years are the same as the third, fourth and fifth years. In the tenth year and the sixth year, the old bamboo sticks for the first two years were removed. So again and again. Since bamboo shoots shoot bamboo shoots from forest land every year and take away a large amount of organic matter, it is necessary to supplement nutrients in order to ensure stable production and high yields. It is required to apply 37,500 kilograms of organic fertilizer per hectare per hectare; and in conjunction with the application of chemical fertilizers, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers should be used as main fertilizers, and 225 kilograms per hectare per year can be fertilized in stages. 4. Prevention and Control of Bamboo Forest Pests and Diseases Mazhu has been subject to various pests and diseases from the shoot-out period to the bamboo cutting and utilization period. Therefore, pest control is an important task in the production of bamboo forests. Now the main pest control techniques are described as follows: 1. Bamboo weevil The larvae of bamboo weevil eat bamboo shoots, causing the bamboo shoots to become rotten and then die. Adults occur once a year, winter in the earth chambers, and begin to be unearthed in May of the following year, and activity is expected from June to July. Adult insects have a phenomenon of suspended animation, and are not good at flying. In the bamboo shoots, bamboo shoots, ridges, and fibers block the notch. The eggs were hatched as larvae and invaded the bamboo shoots for approximately 1 week, and the young bamboo shoots died gradually. Prevention and control methods 1 In the winter, combined with the woodland, the earthworms are re-turned into the soil, and the earthworms of the bamboo weevil are destroyed. 2 Manually catch the adult of the worm in the early morning or dusk and immediately kill it. 3 Kill larvae. When it was found that the tip of the shoot was yellowing and the bamboo shoots became soft, the possibility of being pests was extremely high. 2. Bamboo razor clams are also known as bamboo worms and bamboo leaf worms. The larvae feed on the coils, and the bamboo leaves can be eaten when large molds occur, affecting photosynthesis and making few bamboo shoots in the coming year. Adults occur one generation each year, and they have phototaxis. They need to sipping nectar to supplement their nutrition before mating and spawning. In the middle and late June, they feed on bamboo leaves. They mature in the middle and late July, and they use it to control the overwintering and overwintering during the winter. In winter, it is used to rehabilitate the overwintering larvae. 2 When larvae are found rolling in late June, they can be sprayed with 90% trichlorfon 500 times or 50% dichlorvos 1000 times. At the end of the 35th adult period, Black Light traps can be used. When the density of insect population is large, “721†aerosol smoke can be killed in the forest. 3. Bamboo borer mainly harms bamboo leaves to culms. The bamboo worm is small in size, has a sucking mouthpart, dark brown, and has a small amount of white powder covered in vitro. It grows densely in the leaves or culms, and sucks juice. This is a very common pest in bamboo forests, especially when the density of bamboo is too high, ventilation is poor, and it is too humid. Prevention methods: 1 strengthen tending management, pay attention to forest land clearing, reasonably adjust density, improve ventilation and transparency. 2 Spray with 50% dimethoate emulsion 800 times. 4. Bamboo-coal disease bamboo-coal disease occurs more commonly and a variety of bamboos may occur. The main damage to bamboo leaves and twigs, seriously affecting photosynthesis, resulting in weak bamboo growth. Bamboo coal disease is caused by the harm of aphids or scale insects. Because the secretion of aphids and scale insects is the source of nutrition for bamboo-brown pathogens. Therefore, the control methods are mainly to eliminate aphids and scale insects. Lime sulfur can also be used to kill coal-borne pathogens. In addition, proper logging will improve the ventilation and transparency of the bamboo forest, which will also greatly reduce the incidence of disease.
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