The choice of cattle farm site must be carefully considered the choice of cattle farm site must be carefully considered Published: 2008-6-9 22:50:19 was read: 26 cattle farm site selection should be carefully considered, The overall planning and long-term planning must be related to the planning for the development of agriculture and animal husbandry, the basic planning for farmland development and future needs. The selected site must have room for development.
(1) The cattle farm should be built on topography of high dryness, sunny leeward, air circulation, soil type (with sandy soil as the best), low groundwater level, gentle slope with high north, low south and overall flat place. It is not advisable to build a cow barn under the low-lying wet and the top wind outlet. The construction of cattle farm is shown in the figure below:
Each farm district according to the terrain, wind direction diagram (2) cattle farm location should be selected from the feed production base and grazing submission, developed transportation, water supply and convenient places.
(3) 200 meters away from the main traffic roads, villages, and factories, and 200 meters of general traffic roads. We must also avoid the slaughtering, processing and industrial and mining enterprises that pollute farms. Meet veterinary hygiene and environmental hygiene requirements, sources of infection around.
(4) There must be sufficient water sources that meet the sanitary requirements to ensure production and living, as well as drinking water for humans and animals. Good water quality, non-toxic, and ensure human and livestock safety and health.
(5) Do not occupy or occupy less cultivated land.
The planning and layout of cattle farms should be based on the principle of adjusting measures to local conditions and scientific management, with the aim of neatness, compactness, improved land use efficiency, economical infrastructure investment, economical durability, production management, and prevention of epidemic prevention and safety.
(1) Planning of cattle farms The general cattle farms are divided into three functional areas, namely, production areas, management areas, and staff living areas. Zoning planning starts from the point of view of human and animal health care, and establishes the optimal production links and environmental sanitation and anti-epidemic conditions in the interval to rationally arrange the locations of each district, and reasonably zoning in consideration of the terrain and main wind direction.
1. Employees' living quarters (including residential areas) shall be in the site of the upper hand and higher ground, followed by the production management area and the rearing production area. In this way, bad odors, noise, feces and sewage generated on the cattle farm will not be contaminated by the living environment of the residents due to wind direction and surface runoff, as well as the mutual influence of zoonotic diseases. At the same time, prevention of epidemic prevention has also been carried out in order to prevent unrelated persons from being random.
2. The business activities of the cattle farm in the management area are closely related to the society. When planning this area, the existing roads and transmission lines should be used effectively, and full consideration should be given to the supply of feed and production materials, sales of products, etc. In cattle farms, the processing of milk and meat products will become an integral part of the operations of the cattle farm and should be independently formed into processing and production areas. It should not be located in the feed production area. The transportation of production, supply and sales is in frequent contact with society. To prevent the spread of the disease, off-site transportation vehicles (including livestock) are strictly prohibited from entering production. The garage should be located in the management area. In addition to feed, other warehouses should also be located in the management area. The management area and the production area should be isolated, and the outside personnel can only operate in the management area and not enter the production area. Therefore, the plan should be adopted to ensure the use of appropriate measures.
3. Feeding and production areas Feeding and production areas are the core of a cattle farm. Comprehensive and careful consideration should be given to the planning and layout of the production areas. If cattle operations are single or specialized, the feed, barn, and ancillary facilities are relatively simple. During the rearing process, cows and beef cattle should be grouped and housed according to the physiological characteristics of the cattle, and a sports ground should be established according to the group. The supply, storage and processing of feed is an important part of a cattle farm. The location of a building related to it must be taken into consideration when feed is imported from off-site and transported to a barn for distribution. Buildings related to feed transportation should, in principle, be planned at higher ground and should ensure the health and safety of epidemic prevention.
(II) Production supporting planning facilities
1. Epidemic prevention facilities In order to strengthen the epidemic prevention, first of all, the boundaries of the boundary should be clearly defined, and the surrounding walls shall be built to dig trenches and be combined with the trees. Prevent off-site personnel and other animals from entering the site. The gate of the cattle factory production area shall be equipped with a pedal disinfection pool at the entrance and exit of each cowshed, a vehicle disinfection tank at the entrance (see the figure below), and a person's foot disinfection tank (groove) or spray disinfection room, changing clothes. Shoes room. If a UV germicidal lamp is installed in the disinfection room, the safety time (3-5 minutes) should be emphasized. The irradiation of the UV germicidal lamp of one-off type (not staying) can not achieve the purpose of disinfection.
Vehicle disinfection pool and foot pedal disinfection pool 1 Vehicle disinfection pool 2 Foot pedal disinfection pool
2. Playground facilities (1) The sports ground is a place where cows are free to move and rest outside the house on a daily basis, so that the cattle are stimulated and exercised by external climatic factors, which enhances the body's metabolism and improves the resistance to disease. The playing field should be chosen where the leewards are sunny, and the distance between the cowsheds is generally used, and it can also be set on both sides of the cowshed. If restricted by the terrain, it can also be located in a relatively open area. The area of ​​the stadium should ensure that cattle's activities are rested, but also to save land, usually 3-4 times the area of ​​the cowshed.
Ground treatment of sports grounds, preferably all three-dimensional soil he real, requires a flat, dry with a certain degree of slope, the center is higher. For good drainage, slope east, west and south. Three yards of famous sports ditch ditch drainage, to prevent muddy water after the rain water field. Every day, when the cattle are on the trough, the excrement is removed and timely transported. Bricks, tiles, iron wire and other objects are removed at any time. The flat pad is often used to keep the stadium clean and tidy.
(2) Play yard fences, sports field fences with reinforced concrete column iron pipes. The distance between the columns is 3 meters. The height of the column is calculated as 1.3-1.4 square meters according to the level, and 3-4 beams.
(3) Drink water tank in the stadium, press 50-100 head water trough 51.50.8 (drinking water on both sides). Pits on both sides of the sink are concrete floors.
(4) Playground pergola, in order to prevent summer heat in the summer, the long axis of the pergolas should be considered in the east, and the roof with good heat insulation performance should be adopted. The pergola area is generally 3-4 square meters for each young adult and bred cow. In addition, shade trees can be planted around the playground. The ground in the arbor is to be made of three-soil soil. The ground usually maintains a sand cushion of 20-30 cm.
The barn should be built in the center of the on-site production area to shorten the transportation route as much as possible. When constructing several cow buildings, the direction should be from north to south, with the long axis parallel configuration, in order to facilitate lighting, windproof, heat preservation. When there are more than 4 cowsheds, two can be arranged side by side and aligned one after the other, 10 meters apart. A cow bed, cattle trough, manure urine ditch, access road, studio or duty room should be provided in the cowshed. Before the cattle are set up, there should be a sports ground, an automatic drinking trough, a pergola and a feeding trough. There should be greenery around the cattle and on both sides of the road to regulate the microclimate. The domestic common cowsheds have two types, ie, the tethered type and the loose type.
1 Cereal fattening cowshed
(1) The type of truss type cowshed: The tanned type cowshed is also called a conventional cowshed. Each cow is tied with a chain rope or a bovine neck breech on a trough or a railing to limit activities; each cow is There are fixed slots and cattle beds, which do not interfere with each other, and are convenient for feeding and individual observation. They are suitable for current farming habits, feeding levels, and herd quality. The application is very common. The disadvantage is that feeding and management are more troublesome. The upper and lower troughs and the cattle system have a large workload and are sometimes not very safe. At present, some beef cattle are no longer slaughtered after entering the quail. Feeding and resting are all on cattle beds. The way of feeding from fattening to slaughter weights has reduced many operational problems and management has been relatively safe. If the problem of ventilation, lighting and hygiene in the cowshed can be well solved, it is worthwhile to promote.
From the point of view of environmental control, tethered cowsheds can be divided into closed cow houses, semi-open cow houses, open cow houses and shed houses. The enclosed cowshed has walls on all sides, and the doors and windows can be opened and closed; the open cowshed has walls on three sides and the other side is a half-section wall; the sheds have no walls on all sides, and only some columns support the beams. The enclosed cowshed is conducive to winter insulation and is suitable for use in cold regions in the north. The other three types of cowshed are good for summer heatstroke protection and have a low cost, and are suitable for use in warm areas in the south.
In the semi-open barn, when the winter is cold, the open part can be covered with a plastic film, and the plastic film can be put away in the warming of the century, so that the summer will benefit ventilation and the winter will be able to keep warm. The microclimate has improved.
According to the size of the cowshed and the layout of the cattle bed, it can be divided into single row and double row. Double-row cowsheds are divided into two types: head-on and tail-on. Single-line type: only one row of cattle bed, span is small, generally 5-6 meters, easy to build, well-ventilated, but large heat dissipation surface. Suitable for small cattle farms (50 or less). Double-row type: There are two rows of cattle beds, divided into two units, spanning 10-12 meters, to meet the natural ventilation requirements. In beef cattle breeding, the use of the head type is more, feeding is convenient, and it is convenient for mechanical operation. The disadvantage is that the excrement is inconvenient.
(2) The basic construction requirements for truss-type cowsheds: those with less than 50 breeding heads can be built as single-rows, and those with 50 or more heads can be built as dual-rows. In the heading type, there is a passage in the middle of the cowshed, which is about 1.5-2.0 meters wide and is for the feeding channel. On both sides are cattle beds, food troughs and clearing manure. On both sides of the fecal urinary tract, 30-40 cm wide moon, slightly inclined to the ditch, the inclination of 1% -5%, in order to facilitate drainage. Dark communicative warehouse storage tank outside. The storage tank is about 5 meters away from the cowshed. The volume of adult cattle per head is 0.3 cubic meters and the calf is 0.1 cubic meters. The cattle bed should be concrete floor, easy to wash and disinfect, and the ground should be roughened to prevent cattle from slipping. The size of the bed is 150-200 cm long and 100-130 cm wide. The slope of the cattle bed is 1%-1.5%. There is a fixed cement feed trough in front of the cow's bed. The trough is in the original shape, and it is best to be built with water millstone. The surface is smooth so as to be clean and durable. The net width of the manger is about 60-80 cm, the leading edge is 60-80 cm high and the inner edge is 30-35 cm high. The automatic drinker is composed of a water bowl, a spring valve, and a pressure plate of a switch valve, which can be installed about 0.5 meters off the ground next to the feed trough of each cow. When drinking water, the cow can use the nose to press the plate to drink water. In addition, each barn should have a playground in front of or behind it. The area occupied by adult cow brows is 15-20 square meters, 10-15 square meters for cattle and 5 to 10 square meters for calves. The stadium fence requires a strong, smooth steel pipe, with a height of 150 cm. There are conditions that can be fenced with cables. The ground of the sports ground is suitable for three-segment or sandy soil, and a certain slope should be maintained to facilitate drainage. When building a cow house, the depth of the foundation should reach 80-130 cm and be higher than the ground. It must be grouted and a moisture barrier should be provided between the walls. The wall thickness is 24-38 cm, ie the 24th wall or the 37th wall. The grout is made by grouting and the wall skirt is to be wiped below 100 cm from the ground. The height of the shelf is 280-330 cm above the ground, and the roof and roof are too high, which is not conducive to insulation. If it is too low, it will affect the lighting and ventilation in the house. The height of the roof of the slope roof depends on the span and the roof material of the beef cattle house, and the mechanism flat roof is generally 1/6. The ventilation holes are set on the roof, and the size and shape are 70cm70cm in single row and 90cm90cm in double row. The vent hole should be 50cm above the ridge, with a flap on it, which can be opened and closed freely or an exhaust fan. The barn doors should be sturdy and durable, without thresholds, open outwards and have a height of 2-2.2 meters. The size of the south window is 100 centimeters and 120 centimeters, and the quantity should be more. The north window is 80 centimeters and 100 centimeters in size, and the number should be less or north and south. The height of the window sill from the ground is 100-120 cm, and the rear window is generally higher.
2. Fence fattening cowshed
Fence fattening cattle is a kind of fattening method in which fattening cattle do not feed in the cowshed, feed in high density, and cattle can freely feed and freely draw water. Fences have many open or sheds and are used in conjunction with fences.
(1) Open-fence fattening cowshed: The cowshed has a wall on three sides, which is open to the sunny side and is connected to the fence. Sinks and troughs are located in the houses, windy and rainy, so that the cattle are protected, and forages and feeds are also prevented from spoiling. Cement floors are laid inside and inside the fence. The area of ​​the cowshed is 2 square meters per cow. The double-slope barn has a small span, and the rest place and the activity place are integrated and the cow can freely enter and exit. Each cow has an area of ​​4.1-4.7 square meters, including both interior and exterior spaces.
The roof waterproof layer is made of asbestos tiles, linoleum, tiles, etc. The structural insulation layer can be made of wood or stalks. There must be a flap on one side and the width can be through a small tractor to facilitate the transport of grass mats and clearing of excreta. There is a small door on the side of the thick wall, mainly for the access of people and cattle, to ensure the daily management work, the width of the door to pass a single person and cattle is appropriate. This kind of cowshed has a compact structure and a low cost, but has poor cold resistance in winter.
(2) Shed-type fencing fattening cowshed: This kind of cowshed is mostly double-slope type. There are no walls around the shed, and only the cement pillars are used as supporting structures. The roof structure is similar to the conventional cowshed, but the materials are simpler and lighter. The double-headed counter-slots are used and the feed channel is in the middle.
Nucleic Acid Workstations,Pcr Thermal Cycler System,Real Time Pcr Instrument,Nucleic Acid Diagnosis System
Jiangsu Dinai Bioengineering Co.,ltd. , https://www.dinaipcr.com