1 site conditions selection
1.1 Soil conditions
The soil texture is preferably sandy loam, with a pH of 5.5 to 7.5, but slightly acidic at 6.0 to 6.5. The organic matter content is preferably not less than 10 g/kg, the salt content is not more than 1 g/kg, and the groundwater level is less than 1.0 m. Do not build the park again and again.
1.2 Environmental conditions
Water quality and air quality shall comply with NY5013 regulations.
2 varieties and stock selection
2.1 Choice of Variety
High-performance, easy-to-manufacture, easy-to-manage, and market-selling varieties should be selected. The currently available varieties are: Qinyang, Tengmu No. 1, Shanxia, ​​Honey crisp, Asus, U.S. No. 8, Honglu, Marshal Spur, etc. Shin Hyun-joon, cool incense, Yuki Fuji, Pink Lady and so on.
2.2 The choice of stock
Generally selected root stocks with strong growth, strong resistance, high yield, good yield, early grafting, good grafting affinity, such as octagonal sea bream and flat pod sweet tea, can also be used for dwarfing (M26, M9, M9T337, SH, etc.) cultivation. For: variety / octagonal jellyfish, varieties / Hibiscus sweet tea, varieties / M26 / octopus, varieties / M9T337, varieties / SH and so on.
3 Seedlings and Planting
3.1 Seedlings
It is required that the seedlings be straight and robust, the buds in the plastic belt should be full, the height of the seedlings should be more than 120cm, the root should be more than 0.8cm, the interface should heal well, and the main lateral root should be well developed and perfected. There should be no two-year-old seedlings for quarantine pests and diseases. Seedling specifications according to GB9847 implementation.
Try to use virus-free seedlings, dwarfed anvils or dwarfed internodes with branching seedlings.
3.2 Colonization
Density of planting, refer to NY/T441. Qiaohua anvil garden spacing (3m ~ 4m) (5m ~ 6m); dwarfing anvil garden spacing (1m ~ 1.5m) (3m ~ 4m); semi-dwarf anvil, dwarfing anvil or short-branch garden, strain Line spacing (1.5m to 2.5m) (4m to 4.5m).
The pollination tree configuration is configured to pollinate trees in units of rows, which is 2 to 3:1 for the main planted species when diluted, and 4:1 for dense planting. With the strain as the unit, the lowest ratio is 8:1, that is, there are 8 main plant varieties around a pollination tree. When there is a triploid cultivar, 2 diploid cultivars that can pollinate each other must be selected to pollinate the tree. Promote the selection of special pollination trees for sea breams and evenly distribute them in a ratio of 1:15.
Planting pit length, width, depth of 0.8m ~ 1m; plant spacing can be dug long ditch, wide and deep as above. When the soil is taken, topsoil and bottom soil are stacked separately.
Before planting, each plant should be treated with 10kg to 30kg of harmless farmland fertilizer, 0.3kg to 0.6kg of diammonium phosphate or compound fertilizer for fruit trees. The organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer should be mixed with the excavated topsoil and backfilled into the bottom of the pit (ditch). After about 25cm from the surface, plant the tree after stepping or irrigating it until it sinks. After planting, fill the trees as early as possible, and leave at least 1m of trees.
Planting time, spring planting or autumn planting. The spring plant is thawed from the soil to before sprouting; it is planted from autumn to autumn before the soil is frozen.
Before planting, the roots of the seedlings are soaked in water, and the seedlings are taken out after sufficient water absorption. The rough roots with a diameter of 0.2 cm or more are cut short to cut out the new shoots. Disinfect with a bactericide and then plant the clay slurry.
It is appropriate to plant the depth of the buried soil to keep the original soil mark of the seedlings, but dwarf the intermediate rootstock to bury 1/2 of the middle anvil in the soil.
4 Soil and Fertilizer Water Management
4.1 Soil
4.1.1 Deep-turning soil improvement
After planting, the soil outside the planting pit will be deep-rooted and improved every year. The depth will be 60cm to 80cm. It will be combined with deep organic manure, and it will be better if it is harvested after autumn.
4.1.2 interplanting grass or intercropping
Saplings artificial or natural grass between rows, grass height 30cm ~ 40cm, manual or mechanical cutting once, 1 year 3 to 4 times, the grass cover the tree plate. 4 to 5 years of cultivating once, updating grass. Intercropping should be used for legume crops such as leguminous plants, and it is imperative to plant large, fat crops such as cabbage during the autumn.
4.1.3 In-row ploughing or no-tillage
Cultivated within a row for 4 to 5 times: after weeding in spring, before harvesting, before harvesting, during rainy season and before autumn, the cultivating depth is 5 cm to 10 cm. When no-tillage occurs, weeds are sprayed 1 to 2 times before the sprouting of spring weeds or after weeding. Spraying the herbicide should use a hood with a cover, and the liquid must not be sprayed onto the apple leaf.
4.1.4 Covering grass
Every spring or summer, fruit trees, tree trays or whole gardens cover the grass, the thickness is 15cm to 20cm, and the amount of grass cover is 2000kg to 3000kg/667m2. The types of grass are rice, wheat straw and weeds.
4.2 Fertilization
4.2.1 Types of Fertilizers Allowed
organic fertilizer:
Including compost, manure, manure, biogas fertilizer, green manure, crop straw fertilizer, peat fertilizer, cake fertilizer, humic acid fertilizer, fertilizers from human and animal waste processing.
Microbial fertilizers:
Including microbial preparations and microbial treatment of fertilizers.
fertilizer:
Including nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer, sulfur fertilizer, calcium fertilizer, magnesium fertilizer and compound fertilizer.
Foliar fertilizer:
Including a large number of elements, trace elements, amino acids, humic acid fertilizers.
4.2.2 Fertilization method
The fertilization method is performed according to NY/T496.
base fertilizer:
Mid-maturing apples are harvested until after the late-maturing apples are harvested (usually from September to October). Basal fertilizer is dominated by organic fertilizers, supplemented by chemical fertilizers, and organic and inorganic fertilizers are used together.
Organic manure is selected from manure, pig manure, cattle, sheep, rabbits and other manures or other organic fertilizers. Saplings are applied from 2500kg to 3000kg per 667m2, and 667m2 from 5000m to 7000kg from trees for more than five years. Organic fertilizers such as fermented soybeans, soybean cakes, and cottonseeds can also be used. The amount of 667m2 is not less than 250kg.
Fertilizer dosage: Diammonium phosphate 30kg ~ 40kg/667m2; if using superphosphate, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, 100kg ~ 150kg/667m2, strictly control the amount of pure nitrogen.
top dressing:
Saplings and early fruiting trees, before and after budding or rapid growth of new shoots, 0.2kg of urea per tree topdressing, top dressing no later than mid-June.
Fruit trees, before and after flowering, or before flower bud differentiation, urea 1kg to 2kg per 100kg fruit harvest, 10cm deep ring groove along the edge of the canopy, and soil cover, before the flower bud differentiation by 1:3 (calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer or phosphate rock powder 1kg, 3kg) of manure is mixed and thoroughly cooked. After every 100kg of fruit, 10kg is chased and 30cm of digging is applied. During the period of rapid fruit growth, 1 kg to 1.2 kg of potassium sulfate was topdressed per 100 kg of fruit, and the method of fertilization was the same as that of urea.
Root dressing:
Before germination: spraying urea (3% to 5%) + borax (3%) + zinc sulfate (3% ~ 5%) + copper sulfate (l%) + ferrous sulfate (1%) 1 times to promote full flower buds , supplement the nutrient content of the tree.
Before flowering: spraying urea (0.3% to 0.5%) + borax (0.1% to 0.3%) + potassium dihydrogen phosphate (0.3%) once.
Before flowering to before harvest: Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (0.3%-0.5%) + urea or photosynthetic fertilizer (0.3%-0.5%) 3 times. The last foliar spraying should be carried out 20 days before the fruit harvesting period.
4.3 Irrigation and Drainage
Irrigate 2 to 4 times a year. Before and after sprouting to the shoot and young fruit rapid growth period, when the soil moisture content is greater than 60% of field capacity, no irrigation. Less than 60%, irrigation 1 or 2 times. From June to October, when dry soil causes dry soil, irrigation can be done 1 or 2 times. Before the leaves fall into the soil, the irrigation should be properly controlled. In addition to the rainy season, irrigation water is generally required after soil fertilization.
Before the rainy season, the internal and external drains of the apple orchard must be dredged to ensure that the soil in the apple orchard is more than 50cm long, and the accumulated water after the rain does not exceed 1d.
5 pruning
5.1 Tree
5.1.1 Small Crown Sparse Form
Suitable for planting density from 3.5m to 4m. Dry height 50cm～60cm, tree height and crown diameter are all about 3.5m; 5 main branches of whole tree are arranged in layers, 3rd to 3rd, 2nd in second layer; 1st to 2nd in each main branch The lateral branches were arranged on both sides, and no branchlets were left on the main branch of the second layer. Only the branch groups were retained; the interval between the first layer and the second layer was 75cm-85cm.
5.1.2 Free Spindle Shape
Suitable for density from 2.0m to 2.5m. The stem height is 0.6m to 0.8m, and the tree height is 3.5m to 4.0m. There are 20 to 30 lateral branches on the stem, and the lower 4 to 5 are permanent lateral branches. The thickness of the base of the lateral branch is less than 1/3 of that in the affected part, the length is 100cm to 120cm, and the angle is 90 to 110. Lateral branches bear fruiting branch groups, and the result is that the branch angles are greater than the side branch angles.
5.1.3 elongated spindle
It is suitable for the density within 1.2m from the plant, the dry height is 0.8m-1.0m, the tree height is 3.2m-3.5m, and 25-35 lateral branches directly on the stem. The base of the collaterals does not exceed 1/3 of the dry thickness in the affected area, and the length is 60 cm to 90 cm. The angle is greater than 110.
5.2 Shaping and Pruning Technology
5.2.1 Small crown evacuation layered
Year 1 Pruning
The first year's dry height is 80cm to 90cm; sprouting after germination promotes hairbrushing in the range of 20cm to 25cm below the cut. In the summer and autumn seasons, the fresh shoots are softened to 70-90, and the competition branches are treated with methods such as evacuation, heavy heart-pulling, and twisting. During winter cutting, the branches were extended to the center and cut to 60 cm to 80 cm. The third and fourth buds were left in the position of the fourth branch. Select 3 to 4 long branches that are balanced, do not overlap, and are not close to each other. The long branches are about 40 cm long. When the annual branches are longer than 1 m, the branches are long and long.
Year 2 Pruning
In the spring and autumn of the second year, the main branch and the auxiliary raising angle were 70-90. In the summer, shoots are erected on the back, and twisted shoots, toppings, thinning and litchi are used. When the winter cuts, the dry extension of the center branches is cut 50cm to 60cm, and the cuts remain in the position of the 5th branch. On the main branch extension branches light head, to upright branches and skirts, landing branches to be removed, the auxiliary branches can be dumped.
Year 3 Pruning
In the third year, Xia Jian mainly used the measures of twisting the tip, picking up the heart, etc. to ease the branching, promote the formation of flower buds, and open the crown through the results. In winter, except for the central dry extension branch, 50 cm to 60 cm, the remaining long branches were cut as little as possible.
4th and 5th year pruning
In the 4th and 5th year, pruning is mainly to ease the tree potential, solve the light, extend the head, extend the shoot without cutting off, and pay attention to the long branches and dense branches of the insider to solve the tree light; 5 to 6 years later When the head is weak, it is appropriate to drop the head and lower the height. If there is room for development, the twigs should be kept as much as possible and there should be no space for development. They can, as appropriate, be sparse, narrow and improve lighting.
5.2.2 Free Spindle Shape
Year 1 Pruning
In the first year, after planting, the middle branch of the self-rootstock seedling with strong dwarfing effect such as an interstock can be removed from the middle anvil and other seedlings; the combing buds can be kept dry; the sprouts are germinated before germination, ie, Starting from the fifth bud in the lower part of the seedlings, every 3 buds are engraved and carved to 80cm from the ground. During growth, the growth of new shoots is controlled in time, and other new shoots are opened at an angle.
Year 2 Pruning
In the second year, one month before germination, the stems of the stem were extended to short and full shoots and corresponding budding was performed. If the length of the collaterals on the stem is less than 20 cm, the rods may be severely cut or thrown away according to their density. From mid-to-late May to mid-June, the new shoots with a rough base exceeding one third of the dryness were short-cut again; from late July to mid-August, the lateral shoots were opened to 90-110; The second tip of the lateral shoot occurs in time to pick up the heart or take the tip to control growth.
Year 3 Pruning
In the third year, one month prior to germination, pruning was performed around the flower promoters, and the lateral branches whose thickness was more than 1/3 of the diameter of the habitat were removed. The remaining collateral angles were opened to 90 to 110, and the shoots were sculpted at the same time. Apply necessary chemical and agronomic measures to promote flowers.
4th year after shaping pruning
After the fourth year, when pruning in the spring, the main extension branches are no longer short-cut, and winter pruning is mainly to remove the dense-extruded branches. Under the same circumstances, the sparse stay, the sparse stay and the small stay; The focus of pruning is on the summer season. The methods of topping, pulling branches, and sparse cutting are mainly used to adjust the structure and growth of the tree and promote flower bud differentiation.
5.2.3 elongated spindle
Year 1 Pruning
In the first year, the prolonged branches with lateral branches were not short-branched. For the lateral branches whose thickness was more than one-third of that in the affected area, the horseshoe slant was used for short cuts, and the other lateral branches were opened to angles above 110. From mid-June to mid-July, control the growth of new shoots and maintain the advantage of the middle class. From late July to mid-August, the new shoot angle was opened to 110 or more.
Year 2 Pruning
In the second year, during the spring pruning, all the lateral branches below 80 cm from the ground were removed. For the lateral branches above 80 cm, the base thickness of the branches exceeded 1/3 of the implantation site. Heavy cut or sparse, the remaining side branch angle opened to 110 or more. For the new shoots formed in the year, the treatment is the same as in the first year.
3rd year after shaping pruning
After the third year, the lateral branches with a diameter of more than 2 cm at the base were subjected to severe or short cuts of stems depending on the density of shoots at the site of implantation. However, the amount of elimination per plant was generally not more than two per year. For the new shoots formed in the year, the treatment is the same as in the first year. Collateral length is controlled between 60cm and 90cm.
6 Flower and Fruit Management
6.1 Adjusting the amount of flower buds
The amount of flower buds per 667m2 depends on the variety, soil, fertilizer and water conditions. Fruiting branches of fruit trees should account for 20% to 30% of the total branches; trees in the initial result period should account for 10% to 15%.
6.2 pollination
Artificial pollination, when the flower is in the shape of a balloon, flowers are collected. While pollinating the flowers of the varieties, the other varieties of flowers are collected in appropriate amounts to produce mixed pollen. Artificial point, diluted with 5 times talcum powder, mainly to the central flower pollination; gauze bag pollination, diluted with 10 times talcum powder, should be carried out in the full flowering period, the sandbags in the tree crown in the flowering parts of the drag.
Promote the introduction of wall bees and other bee colonies for pollination.
6.3 Thinning and Thinning Fruits
6.3.1 Thinning
Apple varieties with high fruit setting rate are mainly sparsely flowered. Too much flowering can clear the entire inflorescence before flowering to flowering. When the flowering quantity is a little more, the main flower is sparse and the center flower and high-order flower are preserved.
6.3.2 Quantity of Fruits
Large fruit with 5 leaves above the branches, 5 to 6 branches left 1 fruit, so that each fruit has 40 to 50 leaves to supply nutrients; according to the fruit and fruit interval, about 1 to 20 cm left between 1 fruit, Only leave it alone. Precocious and small fruit can stay more properly.
6.3.3 Thinning Technology
The fruit thinning is completed within 30 days to 40 days after flowering. The principle of fruit thinning: leave the center of fruit and fruit; leave large fruits and fruits with abnormal fruit shape; leave the fruits of the fruit tree with the secondary shoots; fruit without fruits; Good fruit disease pest fruit.
6.4 fruit bagging
The bagging time is after the fruit thinning is completed, generally from mid-May to early June.
Spray the fungicide again before bagging.
Fruit bags should comply with NY/T 1555 requirements and use double-layer paper bags or single-layer wood pulp paper bags.
The bag was carried out according to NY/T1505. The bag was torn for one month before fruit coloring, and the outer bag was torn first. After one week, the two-layer bag was torn in the afternoon or on cloudy days.
6.5 Picking Leaves and Turning Fruit
The coloring period of the fruit will hinder the coloration of the leaves.
After the fruit is positively colored, the fruit is gently twisted to make the fruit yin-yang.
6.6 shop reflective film
Before the fruit coloring period, the floor was covered with silver reflective film.
7 Pest control
7.1 Basic Control Measures
When constructing a garden, hedgehogs, cypresses, poplars, etc., which have common pests and diseases with apples, are not used as orchard protection forests. If it has been adopted, it will be used together with protective forests to prevent and control related pests and diseases.
Planting alfalfa between rows is beneficial to the breeding of natural enemies of leafhoppers, aphids, and borers, and when the number of natural enemies is high, they will be referred to as castration, forcing the natural enemies to plant trees.
Soil improvement, application of organic fertilizers, phosphorus and potash fertilizers, and maintenance of robust tree vigor are the fundamental measures for enhancing apple's own resistance and are key measures for preventing rot disease and stem ringworm disease.
Plastic pruning, pay attention to control the height of the tree, improve ventilation and light transmission conditions, which is conducive to spraying, is not conducive to breeding and reproduction of diseases and insect pests. Combine winter cutting, cutting off pests and diseases, dry and dried fruit and stagnation, and protect the cut-off applicator. Combine the summer shears and cut off the tip of the roll leafworm, apple tumor, and rot disease, concentrate burning, or dig deep.
Thinning and thinning fruit, determine the appropriate load, large and medium fruit to stay fruit, beneficial to the health of the tree, easy pest control. From August to September, timely removal of ringworm, anthracnose, and fruit borer damage was performed, and they were deeply buried.
Do a good job of orchard cleaning. To reduce the base number of pests, thoroughly clean the fallen leaves in the late autumn and early winter, pick up the net drop, and clear out of the park in time. Scrape the old skin of the trunk and scrape it until it is smooth.
7.2 Phased Pest Control
7.2.1 Deciduous to pre-emergence
Focus on prevention of rot, dry rot, spine rot, spotted deciduous disease, and red spider.
Remove litter, deep-buried or burned; combined with winter cut, cut off the shoots, sick stalemate, turn the tree disk and scrape old rough skin, tumors, lesions and so on.
The tree body is sprayed with a fungicide for one time, and the optional agents include bactericide, flusilazole or lime sulfur.
7.2.2 Sprout to pre-flowering
Focus on prevention of rot, dry rot, spine rot, powdery mildew, aphids, and leaf roller.
Scratch the lesions and tumors, apply the humic acid copper solution, and bridge and rejuvenate the severe disease.
The spraying of carbendazim plus imidacloprid; the apple orchard and heavy powdery disease occurred in the heavier orchard last year, spraying chlorpyrifos with a sulfur suspension.
7.2.3 After flowering until young fruit bagging
Focus on the prevention and treatment of fruit ringworm disease, anthrax, early defoliation, spider mites, aphids, leaf curlers and gold-grained moths.
After 10 days to 20 days after flowering, the average daily temperature reached 15°C. After the rain (10mm rainfall or more), spraying carbendazim or mancozeb, spraying once every 15 days, controlling ringworm disease and anthrax, etc.; After the diseased leaf rate reached 10%, iprodione was sprayed in combination with the control of ringworm disease.
Hawthorn leafhoppers and apple all-claw have an average of 4 to 5 heads per leaf, and they are sprayed with acaricides such as tetracycline and thiazolyl.
The leaf roller began to curl up after flowering, and it took sugar and vinegar to trap and insect it. Or Trichogramma beetle (4 days to 4 days, 3 times to 4 times, 80,000 to 100,000 heads per 667 square meters) in the early stage of adult emergence. At the end of a generation of adults, combined with control of leaf-worms, spraying diflubenzuron once.
7.2.4 fruit enlargement period
Focus on the prevention and treatment of peach borer, two-leafhopper, fruit ringworm disease, anthrax, spotted leaf disease and brown spot.
Prunus persicae emerged during the overwintering larvae and the ground was sprayed with phoxim or chlorpyrifos; when the rate of fruit eggs was 1%, bifenthrin and cyfluthrin were sprayed on the trees; the insects were removed at any time and buried deeply.
The two-spotted spider mites thrived during the ascending phase and sprayed with triazoni and other acaricides when they reached 7 to 8 per leaf.
30d ~ 40d after flowering, the whole garden fruit bagging, peach fruit borer prevention and control, fruit ringworm disease, anthrax and so on.
Alternating use of Bordeaux fluid (1:2:200) or other systemic fungicides to control fruit and leaf diseases, spraying once every 15 days.
7.2.5 before and after fruit harvest
Focus on the control of fruit ringworm disease and anthrax.
Before cutting 20d, the dense branches were cut off and sprayed with a fungicide to prevent fruit diseases.
7.3 Pesticide selection
The main pest control pesticides, according to GB4285, GB/T8321 implementation.
8 Harvesting, Packing, Storage and Transportation
8.1 Harvesting
Harvesting takes place when the fruit reaches a suitable maturity, such as Marshal is the apple in mid-to-late September; Red Fuji apples are in late October to early November.
Harvesting is performed according to NY/T1086. It needs to be lightly tapped, and there is a soft liner in the recovery container to prevent mechanical damage such as tying, touching, and pressing. Pick out pests, injuries and other substandard fruit, according to GB/T10651 or NY/T1793 grading.
8.2 Packaging and Storage
The fruit is packed in fruit wrapping paper plus a net sleeve. Corrugated cartons are used. There are cardboard boxes in the box. The boxes are separated by paper. Each box has 1 fruit and the tape is sealed. The packaging marking complies with NY/T1778 regulations. Storage and transportation according to NY/T983 implementation.
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