In recent years, the unique nutrition and delicious flavor of donkey meat and the medicinal value of donkey products have attracted more and more attention. In order to increase the competitiveness in the domestic and international markets, the production of pollution-free donkeys is imperative.
Main donkey varieties in China
China's donkeys are divided into large donkeys, medium-sized donkeys and small donkeys according to their size. Large donkeys are mainly distributed in the plain areas of Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, and Shandong. The varieties are related to donkeys, donkeys in Texas, donkeys in Jinnan and Guangling donkeys. Medium-sized donkeys are mainly distributed in the plateaus of Shaanxi, Gansu, Shanxi and Hebei provinces and the central plains of Henan Province, such as Jiami donkey, Biyang donkey, Qingyang donkey, and Huaiyang donkey. Small donkeys are mainly distributed in the northwest of China, north of the Great Wall and the northeastern plains, desert semi-desert grasslands, and broad agricultural plains, mainly including Xinjiang donkeys, southwest donkeys, and northern China donkeys.
Meat donkey common feed
The meat donkey's protein feeds include bad residue feeds, bean cakes, rapeseed cakes, and cottonseed cakes. Energy feeds can be divided into three categories: grass seed, root tuber feed and bran. Grass seed is an important part of the donkey concentrate feed. Grass seeds commonly used as feed are actually corn, barley, sorghum, etc.; root and tuber feeds include potatoes, sugar beets, carrots, etc.; bran feeds are rice bran, molting and so on. Roughage mainly includes hay, crop stalks, and clams.
The proper processing and processing of roughage can change the original physical and chemical properties and improve its palatability and nutritional value. The raw materials for meat donkey silage include whole plant green corn, corn stalk after harvest, barley barley, and various weeds. Meat donkey commonly used vitamin feed mainly vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E and so on. Minerals are indispensable materials for growth, reproduction and production of meat donkeys. Common mineral feeds include salt, bone meal, calcium phosphate, calcium hydrogen phosphate, shell powder, stone powder and trace element additives.
Meat donkey rearing and management techniques
During the early period of fattening and fattening of young calves, the diets were mainly composed of high-quality fine material, dry coarse material, silage, and bad residue. In the late period of fattening, the main goal is to produce high-quality products and high-yield donkeys, increase carcass weight and increase lean meat production. When juveniles are fattened, they should be bred in groups, free of sports grounds, free to eat, freely drink water, and the excrement should be cleaned once or twice a day in order to expel internal and external parasites and immunizations in a timely manner. Plastic film warmhouse captive technology. Timely feeding in groups to ensure the uniform growth and development of donkeys, change the diet in time, limit the intake of individual bulimose donkeys, prevent excessive fat deposition, and reduce donkey meat quality.
The commonly used methods for fattening donkeys include pre-coarse and fine post-fermentation models and bad-type feeds.
(1) Before rough mode. In the early stage, more roughage was fed, and concentrates were relatively concentrated in the late stage of fattening. This type of fattening method is often used in production, which can give full play to the characteristics and advantages of donkey's compensation production and obtain a satisfactory fattening effect. In the pre-coarse and fine post-harvest diets, the function of roughage is one of the main nutrient sources for meat donkeys. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the feeding of roughage. It is better to mix a variety of roughage and juicy feeds. In the pre-rough post-fermentation mode, the early period is generally 150 to 180 days, roughage accounts for 30 to 50%, the later period is 8 to 9 months, and roughage accounts for 20%.
(2) Feeding mode of bad residue type feed. The dregs feed has high moisture content, a large body surface area, a low content of nutrients in the fresh state, and is greatly affected by the change of raw materials, is not easy to store, has good palatability, and is low in value. It is a roughage in the suburb meat donkey breeding industry. A large source of reasonable use can greatly reduce the production costs of meat donkeys. Bad residue feed can account for 35-45% of the total nutritional value of the diet. When using the bad residue feed to feed meat donkey, it should be noted that it is not appropriate to use the bad residue feed as the sole roughage of the diet, and it should be combined with dry coarse material and silage; when long-term use of distillers' grains, vitamin A should be added to the diet. Head 10,000 to 100,000 international units per day; feeds with bad dregs and other feeds should be mixed well; feeds with bad dregs should be fresh; if storage is required, the effect of kiln storage should be good; Cannot be used for feeding.
Adult Shelf Donkeys Adult Shelf donkeys refer to male and female donkeys that are older than 3 to 4 years old, and are used as old ass. After the donkey has been fattened, its meat quality is inferior to that of young donkeys. The fat content is high, and the feed reward and economic benefits are also poorer than the young donkeys. However, after fattening, economic value and food value have been greatly improved. The fast fattening of adult shelf donkeys is divided into 2 years and the time is 65-80 days.
(1) Mature fattening period. 45-60 days in this period. This period is a crucial period for donkey fattening, and it is necessary to limit the exercise, increase the concentrate (crude protein content is higher), increase the number of feedings, and promote the growth of maggots.
(2) The intensity of fattening period. Usually about 20 days. The purpose is to improve the quality of the donkey meat by increasing the amount of fat deposits between the muscle fibers so that it forms a marbled lean meat. The dietary concentration during this period can be appropriately increased and try to increase the feed intake of the donkey.
The fattening of adult shelf donkeys must be strengthened. The male donkey must be castrated. The donkey for fattening should be dewormed, fed with high-quality fodder for forage, reduce the movement, and pay attention to the hygiene of shacks and donkeys. If a donkey is newly purchased from the market, it will take 15 days to adjust to reduce stress. The newly purchased donkey should drink more water, give more grass and less feed, and then start feeding a small amount of concentrate three days later.
Young shelf donkeys The age of young donkeys is 1.5 to 2.5 years old. The fattening period is generally 5 to 7 months. The fattening should be completed before 2.5 years old. For the newly introduced youth shelf donkeys, because of long-distance transportation and intense stress, the body is seriously deficient in water, so pay attention to the water supplement, cast high quality hay, and return to normal after 2 weeks. At the same time, groups should be grouped according to strength and weakness, and pay attention to deworming and daily management. In addition to the acclimation period, the shelf-finishing period for young adults is generally divided into two stages of growth, fattening and maturation, so as to not only save the concentrate but also obtain the ideal fattening effect.
(1) Growth and finishing period. The focus is on promoting the production of bones, guts, and muscles of shelf donkeys. To feed high-quality feeds rich in protein, minerals, and vitamins, so that young donkeys maintain good growth and development while digestive organs are exercised, and at this stage, energy feeds must be limited to feeding. Finishing time is 2 to 3 months.
(2) Mature fattening period. The main task of raising this stage is to improve the quality of donkey meat and increase the deposition of fat between muscle fibers. Therefore, the proportion of roughage in the diet should not exceed 30-40%; the feed should be fully supplied and the free-feeding effect should be better. Finishing time is 3 to 4 months.
Meat donkey fattening farm construction and environmental control
Site Selection The meat and donkey farm should have sufficient water and electricity, the water source should meet the national sanitary standards for drinking water, the source of feed should be convenient, and the transportation should be convenient; the terrain should be dry, the groundwater level should be low, the water should be well drained, the soil should be solid, the leewards should be sunny, the air circulation should be wide, or flat. With a gentle slope, from the traffic arteries, public places, residential areas, towns, schools more than 1,000 meters; away from hospitals, livestock product processing plants, garbage dumps and sewage treatment plant more than 2000 meters, there should be surrounding walls or other effective barriers.
Site layout The meat donkey field is generally divided into living area, management area, production area and auxiliary production area. The living area and the management area shall be located at the top or top of the site area, and maintain a distance of more than 50 meters from the production area. The auxiliary production area is located between the management area and the production area. The production area includes donkey houses, sports grounds, plots, etc. It should be located in a low-lying location of the site area. Sterilization rooms, veterinary rooms, isolation rooms, storage tanks and sick donkey harmless treatment rooms should be located at the bottom of the production area, not less than 50 meters away from the donkeys. Personnel, animal and material transport should adopt a single flow to prevent cross-contamination and spread of the disease. Planting trees should be planted around the field area, along the roadside and sports grounds.
The construction of donkey houses in the donkey housing building is determined by factors such as local temperature changes and production and use of the donkey field. The most commonly used are the north-south or south-east-facing double-shelf donkey houses. The donkey shelter must have a certain number and size of windows or ventilation holes to ensure sufficient sun light and air circulation. A concrete structure disinfection tank shall be installed at the entrance of the donkey gate. The main facilities in the donkey house include donkey beds, feed troughs, excrement channels, manure urine ditch, drinking trough and ventilation holes.
The environmental control of the donkey house regulates the harmful gas and temperature inside the donkey house through windows or ventilation holes. At the same time, timely removal of feces to reduce the emission of harmful gases to ensure that the internal environment of the donkeys meets the national standards.
Meat donkey slaughter and processing
The fattened meat donkeys that produce pollution-free donkeys must stop any drugs in the feed 15 days before slaughter. Donkeys who have been treated for illness are allowed to slaughter after stopping for 15 days after being cured. Fattening donkeys are strictly prohibited from using sedative drugs during pre-slaughter shipments. Fattening donkeys must be strictly slaughtered according to the slaughter process and hygiene standards to ensure that donkeys are free of pollution, quality and nutrition.
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