Soil testing and formula fertilization is based on soil testing and fertilizer field trials. The core of the technology is to regulate and solve the contradiction between crop fertilizer and soil fertilization. The most basic feature is that the soil is fertilized by the crop; because of the lack of supplements, what elements are added to the crop lacking elements, how much is needed to make up the balance of various nutrients; to achieve pre-fertilization, fine-tuning, and combination of techniques .
Soil fertility is the basis for determining yield. It is estimated that 40-80% of the nutrients needed for crop growth and development come from the soil. The soil in our county is affected by factors such as climate, soil parent material, topography and planting system. The soil type is very complicated. The nutrient difference between different regions and different soils is relatively large, and the fertilizer yield increase effect and fertilizer variety match are different. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the various nutrient contents in the soil through sampling analysis, in order to judge the supply capacity of different nutrients in soils of various soil types and different production areas, and provide basic data for soil testing and formula fertilization.
The soil testing formula fertilization technology includes five core links and nine key contents of “measurement of soil, formula, fertilizer, supply and fertilizationâ€.
(1) Field trials. The field experiment is the fundamental way to obtain the best fertilization amount, fertilization period and fertilization method for various crops, and also the basic link for screening and verifying soil nutrient testing technology and establishing fertilization index system. Through field trials, master each application
Optimize fertilization amount, base and top dressing ratio, fertilization period and fertilization method for different crops in fertilizer unit; find out the basic parameters such as soil nutrient correction coefficient, soil fertilization amount, crop fertilizer requirement and fertilizer utilization rate; construct crop fertilization model, Provide a basis for fertilization zones and fertilizer formulations.
(2) Soil testing. Soil testing is one of the important basis for formulating fertilizer formula. With the continuous adjustment of China's planting structure, high-yield crop varieties are constantly emerging, the structure and quantity of fertilization have undergone great changes, and the soil nutrient pool has also undergone significant changes. Through the soil nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and medium and trace element nutrient tests, the soil fertility capacity can be understood.
(3) Formulation design. Fertilizer formula design is the core of soil testing and formulating. By summarizing field trials, soil nutrient data, etc., the division of fertilization zones in different regions is divided. At the same time, according to the similarities and differences of climate, landform, soil and farming system, combined with expert experience, the fertilization formulas of different crops are proposed.
(4) Calibration test. In order to ensure the accuracy of fertilizer formula and minimize the risk of batch production and large-area application of formula fertilizer, three treatments of formula fertilization, farmer custom fertilization and blank fertilization are set in each fertilization partition unit to the main local crops and their main The planting variety is the research object, compare the yield increase effect of formula fertilization, verify the fertilization parameters, verify and improve the fertilizer formula, and improve the technical parameters of soil testing formula fertilization.
(5) Formulation processing. The implementation of the formula into the farmer's field is the most critical link to improve and popularize the soil testing and fertilization technology. At present, there are different modes in different regions. The most important and most promising mode of operation is market operation, factory processing, and network operation. This model adapts to the current situation of low quality of science and technology, small scale of land management, and separation of technology among rural farmers in China.
(6) Demonstration and promotion. In order to promote the soil testing and formula fertilization technology can be implemented in the field, it is necessary to solve the problem of market-based operation of soil testing and formula fertilization technology, and let the farmers see the actual effect, which is the “bottleneck†restricting the promotion of soil testing and formula fertilization technology. . Establish a demonstration area for soil testing and fertilization, create a window for farmers, establish a model, and comprehensively demonstrate the effect of soil testing and formula fertilization technology, which is the work to be done before promotion. Promoting the "one bag of fertilizer" model, turning the soil testing formula fertilization technology into products, is also conducive to breaking the "hard ice" of technology promotion "last mile".
(7) Publicity and training. Soil testing and formula fertilization technology publicity and training is an important means to improve farmers' awareness of scientific fertilization and popularize technology. Farmers are the end users of soil testing and formula fertilization technology. It is urgent to teach farmers the methods and models of scientific fertilization. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the systematic training of technicians at all levels, fertilizer production enterprises and fertilizer distributors, and gradually establish technical personnel and fertilizers. Business license system.
(8) Effect evaluation. Farmers are the ultimate implementers and implementers of soil testing and fertilization techniques, and are the ultimate beneficiaries. Inspect the actual effect of soil testing and formula fertilization, obtain feedback information from farmers in a timely manner, and constantly improve the management system, technical system and service system. At the same time, in order to scientifically evaluate the actual effect of soil testing and formula fertilization, it is necessary to conduct a dynamic survey of certain areas.
(9) Technological innovation. Technological innovation is the scientific and technological support to ensure the long-term effectiveness of soil testing and formula fertilization. Focus on field research methods, soil nutrient testing techniques, fertilizer preparation methods, data processing methods and other innovative research work, and continuously improve the level of soil testing and fertilization technology.
Soil testing formula fertilization principle:
Soil testing and formula fertilization is based on the theory of nutrient return (compensation), minimum nutrient law, equal importance law, irreplaceable law, fertilizer effect return law and factor comprehensive action law to determine the total amount of fertilization without nutrients. Compared to the main content. In order to supplement the maximum yield-increasing benefits of fertilizers, fertilization must be combined with factors such as improved seed, fertilizer management, planting density, farming system and climate change to form a complete fertilization technology system.
(1) Nutrient return (compensation) theory: 40%~80% of the nutrient production from the crop yield comes from the soil, but the soil cannot be regarded as an inexhaustible “nutrient poolâ€. In order to ensure that the soil has sufficient nutrient supply capacity and strength [FS: PAGE], maintaining the balance between the nutrient entrainment and input of the soil must be achieved by fertilization. By relying on fertilization, the nutrients absorbed by the crop can be “returned†to the soil to ensure soil capacity.
(2) Minimum nutrient law: crop growth and development needs to absorb various nutrients, but it seriously affects crop growth. The crop yield is limited to the nutrient factor with the smallest relative content in the soil, which is the most lacking nutrient (minimum nutrient) ). If you ignore this minimum nutrient, even if you continue to increase other nutrients, crop yields are hard to increase. Only by increasing the amount of minimum nutrients can the output increase accordingly. The economical and rational fertilization program is to increase the variety of nutrients that are lacking in crops according to the proportion of crops required, and the crops will be high-yield.
(3) Equally important law: For crops, regardless of the large number of elements or trace elements, it is equally important, that is, the lack of a certain trace element, although it requires a small amount, will still affect certain physiology. The function leads to a reduction in production. For example, the zinc deficiency in the corn causes the plant to be short and the white seedlings appear, and the zinc deficiency in the rice seedling period causes the dead seedling, and the lack of boron in the cotton causes the buds to be eliminated. Trace elements are as important as a large number of elements and cannot be ignored because of the small amount required.
(4) Irreplaceable law: The nutrients required by crops have certain effects in crops and cannot be replaced by each other. If phosphorus deficiency is not replaced by nitrogen, potassium deficiency cannot be replaced by nitrogen and phosphorus. In the absence of any nutrient elements, it must be supplemented with fertilizer containing the element.
(5) Law of diminishing returns: The remuneration obtained from a certain land increases with the increase of labor and capital invested in the land, but after reaching a certain level, with the unit labor and capital invested Increase, the increase in compensation is gradually decreasing. When the amount of fertilizer exceeds the appropriate amount, the relationship between crop yield and fertilization amount is no longer a curve pattern, but in a parabolic pattern, the yield increase per unit of fertilizer application will decrease.
(6) Factor comprehensive action law: The yield of crops is the result of the comprehensive effects of factors affecting crop growth and development, but there must be a limiting factor that plays a leading role, and the yield is limited to some extent by the limiting factor. In order to give full play to the effect of increasing fertilizer production and improving the economic benefits of fertilizers, on the one hand, fertilization measures must be closely coordinated with other agricultural technical measures to give full play to the comprehensive functions of the production system; on the other hand, the synergy between various nutrients is also improved. The problem of fertilizer efficiency can not be ignored.
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