In recent years, Apple's bitter pits, wrinkled skin, water heart disease, and softening of the black skin have become more and more serious. Especially in the years of prolonged rain and rain before harvest, red spots, black spots, and black spots are more common and seriously affected. Apple's commodity value. The reason for this is all due to a serious lack of calcium or due to climatic factors affecting calcium transport caused by physiological diseases.
First, the symptoms of calcium deficiency in apple
The early form of bitter pox disease was spongy under the skin without decay. The red spots and black spots formed before harvest should be distinguished by infective diseases or physiological diseases. The red spots and black spots formed by infective diseases rapidly expand into the pulp and rot. The red spots and black spots formed due to calcium deficiency shrink the depression into black spots and do not rot, also known as bitter pit disease. Using a knife to gently cut off the epidermis, if the subcutaneous sponge, that is, the symptoms of calcium deficiency during the fruit enlargement period. If the subcutaneous pulp is normal, it is the symptoms of calcium deficiency that occur during fruit ripening. Calcium-deficient apples are also prone to bitter pits, water heart disease, and soft black skin during storage.
Second, the cause of apple calcium deficiency
1. Calcium deficiency in soil or calcium transport due to climatic factors. Calcium ions move slowly in plants and calcium supplementation from the soil is a very slow process. The transport of calcium in the xylem is dependent on the transpiration of the leaves, and the mature leaves are rich in transpiration and calcium. Apical buds, weak shoots, and branches with poor lighting in the inner and lower layers are less transpiration and less calcium. The transport of calcium in the phloem is very weak, and the calcium in the mature leaves can not be basically reused by young leaves, root tips, shoot growth points and fruits. Therefore, the lack of calcium in apple plants first appeared in the root tips, growing points, young leaves and fresh tissue of fruits, which was the intrinsic cause of calcium deficiency in apples.
2. External reasons. 1 When fruit trees are fertilized for long-term fertilizers, the available micronutrients in the soil are exhausted and have become severely deficient in calcium. 2 A large number of nitrogen fertilizers or phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are used to inhibit the absorption of calcium. 3 Severe drought, the soil moisture is reduced to below 50% of the maximum water holding capacity in the field, and the wilting of the leaves, that is, the transpiration is weakened, affecting the calcium transport. 4 water accumulation, calcium and other elements of deficiency will occur at the same time. 5 The rapid expansion of fruit before harvest, long-term rain and no rain, affecting the transport of calcium, there will be serious red spots, black spots, dark spots and other symptoms of calcium deficiency.
Third, prevention and control measures
1. Get out of the mistakes of chemical fertilizers, autumn basal fertilizer, mainly farmyard manure, high-quality organic fertilizer, apply 30 to 40 kilograms of silicon-calcium fertilizer per 667 square meters (1 acre) (such as calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, superphosphate, etc.). By increasing soil organic matter and fertilization of medium and microelements, the effective calcium content in the soil is increased. Due to the slow transport of calcium ions in the tree, it may not be effective in the year. However, persisting for several years is a necessary way to fundamentally resolve calcium deficiency.
2. Soil calcium. During the first peak of the root growth in March, 20 to 25 kg of calcium nitrate was applied every 667 square meters.
3. Leaf calcium. Use 300 times amino acid calcium solution or other chelated calcium liquid fertilizer to spray 5~6 times in the apple germination period, before flowering, flowering, young fruit period, and after unpacking. This is a short-cut for calcium supplementation and can be received in that year. Good results.
4. Create a good light condition by pruning the inner and lower branches of the canopy.
5. In case of drought, timely watering. An orchard that is not watered shall be covered with grass or holes to keep the soil from 60% to 70% of the maximum field capacity.
6. Thicken the soil layer under the canopy, repair the drainage ditch inside and outside the orchard, and enter the rainy season to drain water in time to prevent water accumulation under the trees.
7. Before the harvest of apple fruit, it encountered a prolonged period of rain and rain (Meiyu weather). It was necessary to grasp the day when there was no rain and grab 300 times of amino acid calcium for fruit spray.
8. Before the apples are harvested, they are sprayed or washed with 300-400 times of amino acid calcium solution before entering the pit (library) to prevent red spots, black spots, bitter pits, wrinkled skin, black skin from softening, and water during storage. Heart disease and other symptoms
First, the symptoms of calcium deficiency in apple
The early form of bitter pox disease was spongy under the skin without decay. The red spots and black spots formed before harvest should be distinguished by infective diseases or physiological diseases. The red spots and black spots formed by infective diseases rapidly expand into the pulp and rot. The red spots and black spots formed due to calcium deficiency shrink the depression into black spots and do not rot, also known as bitter pit disease. Using a knife to gently cut off the epidermis, if the subcutaneous sponge, that is, the symptoms of calcium deficiency during the fruit enlargement period. If the subcutaneous pulp is normal, it is the symptoms of calcium deficiency that occur during fruit ripening. Calcium-deficient apples are also prone to bitter pits, water heart disease, and soft black skin during storage.
Second, the cause of apple calcium deficiency
1. Calcium deficiency in soil or calcium transport due to climatic factors. Calcium ions move slowly in plants and calcium supplementation from the soil is a very slow process. The transport of calcium in the xylem is dependent on the transpiration of the leaves, and the mature leaves are rich in transpiration and calcium. Apical buds, weak shoots, and branches with poor lighting in the inner and lower layers are less transpiration and less calcium. The transport of calcium in the phloem is very weak, and the calcium in the mature leaves can not be basically reused by young leaves, root tips, shoot growth points and fruits. Therefore, the lack of calcium in apple plants first appeared in the root tips, growing points, young leaves and fresh tissue of fruits, which was the intrinsic cause of calcium deficiency in apples.
2. External reasons. 1 When fruit trees are fertilized for long-term fertilizers, the available micronutrients in the soil are exhausted and have become severely deficient in calcium. 2 A large number of nitrogen fertilizers or phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are used to inhibit the absorption of calcium. 3 Severe drought, the soil moisture is reduced to below 50% of the maximum water holding capacity in the field, and the wilting of the leaves, that is, the transpiration is weakened, affecting the calcium transport. 4 water accumulation, calcium and other elements of deficiency will occur at the same time. 5 The rapid expansion of fruit before harvest, long-term rain and no rain, affecting the transport of calcium, there will be serious red spots, black spots, dark spots and other symptoms of calcium deficiency.
Third, prevention and control measures
1. Get out of the mistakes of chemical fertilizers, autumn basal fertilizer, mainly farmyard manure, high-quality organic fertilizer, apply 30 to 40 kilograms of silicon-calcium fertilizer per 667 square meters (1 acre) (such as calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, superphosphate, etc.). By increasing soil organic matter and fertilization of medium and microelements, the effective calcium content in the soil is increased. Due to the slow transport of calcium ions in the tree, it may not be effective in the year. However, persisting for several years is a necessary way to fundamentally resolve calcium deficiency.
2. Soil calcium. During the first peak of the root growth in March, 20 to 25 kg of calcium nitrate was applied every 667 square meters.
3. Leaf calcium. Use 300 times amino acid calcium solution or other chelated calcium liquid fertilizer to spray 5~6 times in the apple germination period, before flowering, flowering, young fruit period, and after unpacking. This is a short-cut for calcium supplementation and can be received in that year. Good results.
4. Create a good light condition by pruning the inner and lower branches of the canopy.
5. In case of drought, timely watering. An orchard that is not watered shall be covered with grass or holes to keep the soil from 60% to 70% of the maximum field capacity.
6. Thicken the soil layer under the canopy, repair the drainage ditch inside and outside the orchard, and enter the rainy season to drain water in time to prevent water accumulation under the trees.
7. Before the harvest of apple fruit, it encountered a prolonged period of rain and rain (Meiyu weather). It was necessary to grasp the day when there was no rain and grab 300 times of amino acid calcium for fruit spray.
8. Before the apples are harvested, they are sprayed or washed with 300-400 times of amino acid calcium solution before entering the pit (library) to prevent red spots, black spots, bitter pits, wrinkled skin, black skin from softening, and water during storage. Heart disease and other symptoms
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