1 Overview of the Canadian pig industry Canada is bordered by the United States and is the second largest developed country in North America after the United States. Canada is sparsely populated, with a land area of ​​9.97 million km2, ranking second in the world. There are 10 provinces and 2 administrative regions in the country, with a population of 32.27 million, of which 972,000 are engaged in agricultural population, accounting for only 3.6%. There are nearly 30 million hm2 of grassland throughout the country, and the forage resources are very abundant. Rich in wheat, barley, corn and other crops. Livestock husbandry is highly developed and its output value accounts for the agricultural ton. Of these, Ontario, Quebec, Alberta, and Manitoba all accounted for 88.8% of the country’s pig population. The commercial pigs were basically hybrid pigs. The main crossbreeds were grown in Du Changda and Han Du. Pig slaughter weight 100 ~ 110kg, slaughter age 160 ~ 170d, 30 ~ 100kg pigs daily weight gain of 880g or so, each weight gain 1kg live weight consumption less than 2.8kg, each sow year slaughter commodity pig reach 17 ~ 18 head.
Canada is the world’s second-largest pork exporter, with 55% of live pig exports, of which 75% are exported to the United States, followed by Japan, Hong Kong, Russia, and South Korea. Pigs’ annual export revenue reaches 3 billion Canadian dollars. In the first eight months of 2007, a total of 6.3 million U.S. pigs were exported. At present, the Canadian pig industry mainly develops in the direction of modernization, scale, and intensification. With a high level of production, it has entered the ranks of developed countries in the pig industry.
2 Key features of the Canadian pig industry
2.1 Performance Measurement and Genetic Assessment There are 630 breeding farms in Canada, of which 250 are original breeding farms. The number of registered purebred pigs is about 100,000, and the number of sow pigs in the original breeding farm is 35,000 heads. The structure of purebred pigs is 44% for Large White, 37% for Landrace, 15% for Duroc, 3% for Hampshire, 1% for Lacan, and more than 80,000 export pigs per year. There are 21,000 commercial pig farms in the country, and about 1 million pigs grow up or sow long-horned. The terminal hybrid breed is Duroc or Hangu boar. Canada attaches great importance to performance testing and genetic evaluation of breeding pigs. The performance of Canada's breeding pigs has been measured in the breeding field, measured in the boars at the breeding stations, and measured in the sow. Finally, the complete in-house measurement of the sows and sows under the uniform measurement method was implemented.
Since the 1990s, with the rapid development of computer technology and the application of modern genetics and breeding techniques, the selection method has transitioned from phenotypic selection to the best linear unbiased prediction method (Blup) using animal models. Blup method can be used to expand the test population and increase the selection intensity so that more purebred pigs can participate in breeding. The National Pig Improvement Corporation, in collaboration with the University of Guelph, has jointly developed a national swine improvement programme and organized breeding through four local (provincial) pig improvement companies. Each year, 100,000 purebred pigs are tested. The measured traits include growth rate, backfat thickness, lean meat volume, eye muscle area, litter size, and feed conversion rate. The measured data uses the Blup method to calculate a selection index of the peace value of the sports species, and the seeds are selected according to the level of the index. According to the Canadian Breeding Breeding Improvement Company, the production performance of breeding pigs has been continuously improved since the introduction of the Blup method in 1995. For example, when the Great White Pigs reach the age of 100 kg, their body weight is shortened by 23 days, among which the gene effect accounted for 16 days, and the environmental effects accounted for 7 days. The thickness decreased by 4.8 mm, and the gene function accounted for 4.2 mm, and the environmental effect accounted for 0.6 mm. In recent years, Canada is applying molecular genetic breeding techniques to speed up the progress of pig breeds.
2.2 Adopting Modern Pig Production Technology With the development of modern pig raising technology, the automation of pig raising in Canada has increased rapidly, pig farms have been reduced year by year, and the scale of farming has increased. Large-scale pig raising has led to pig farm building design and equipment manufacturing. Industry development. The pig production adopts five stages of breeding, pregnancy, calving, nursery, and fattening. The birthing, conservation, and fattening are performed in units of full-entry and full-fledged. The pigs in each stage adopt the calculation and control of mechanical feeding, drinking water, and cleaning of the manure; fully enclosed. Types of breeding, home temperature, humidity, ventilation through computer control, to achieve constant temperature air conditioning. In order to improve animal health and prevent the spread of diseases, the “sew†(segregated early weaning) technique has been widely used, ie early isolation weaning (17-21d), sows, nursery pigs, pigs “three-point†feeding mode. The application of this technology has increased the growth rate of live pigs, reduced morbidity and mortality, and reduced medical expenses for epidemic prevention. In order to enhance the market competitiveness, many pig farms have also united to form a combined production, processing, and sales of swine production, and achieved specialized production.
2.3 Attach Importance to Disease Prevention and Control and Livestock Product Quality and Safety Canada can become the world's second largest pork exporter, and it is inseparable from its emphasis on disease prevention and product safety. The Canadian government has established strict hygiene and quarantine standards for pig breeding to ensure the safety of food and health for consumers. The pigs are widely tested for PSS (pig stress syndrome) and PSE (pale soft exudative pork) DNA to remove pigs PSS gene. Pigs must first obtain a breeding permit, and hygiene and disinfection are very strict. Non-pigs are not allowed to approach the farm. Through preventive and decontamination measures, Canada has eliminated major diseases such as swine fever, brucellosis, hog cholera, foot-and-mouth disease and pseudorabies. However, some pig farms still have pig reproductive and respiratory syndrome (commonly known in China as blue-ear disease), transmissible gastroenteritis in pigs, mycoplasma in pigs, and leptospirosis in pigs. The main measures to control the disease: First, to promote artificial insemination technology, the national promotion reached 85%; Second, the implementation of early weaning isolation weaning; Third, the three-point production, sows, piglets, commercial pigs raised on the farm, three games more than 3km apart; The fourth is veterinary monitoring and management. The veterinarians regularly go to the pig farms for random inspection and monitoring. According to the monitoring results, the pig farms are instructed to make immunization procedures. If pigs with infectious diseases are detected, the pig farms will be immediately blocked and monitored.
2.4 Pay attention to ecological environment protection and cultivate "environmentally friendly pigs" to protect the ecological environment. Increasing the absorption and utilization of nutrients and reducing the excretion of nutrients in feces are hot spots in animal nutrition research. Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for pig growth and development. The impact of phosphorus pollution on the ecological environment has now become the focus of global attention. Genetic engineering researchers at the University of Guelph in Canada have developed "green pigs" through genetic recombination. Environmental pigs can effectively use the phosphorus contained in the phytate (phytate) of the plant feed. It is not necessary to add phytase to digest the phosphorus that binds to phytic acid in the food, because environmental pigs have saliva Endogenous phytase can effectively provide the phosphorus needed for pigs. The use of this technology can reduce the phosphorus content of pig feed, reduce the cost of feeding, and reduce the phosphorus content of pig manure by 60%, so as to protect the ecological environment and promote the production of environmentally-friendly pork.
As the size of pig farms in Canada is increasing, the amount of manure and sewage discharged every day is very large. Manure treatment and environmental protection are also a serious problem facing the Canadian pig industry. However, the developed Canadian planting industry requires a large amount of fertilizer, and the excreta is fermented by anaerobic and aerobic fermentation and then used as organic fertilizer. At present, the main methods of manure treatment in Canada are: First, composting. Composting is a biological treatment method. In the fermentation process of feces, a large amount of microorganisms transform the feces into stable, moist, biologically stable products that meet hygiene standards. This technology can be used to produce compound fertilizers or to treat animal wastes. Compost can be used directly in crops, and composted in accordance with the specifications can be used as fertilizer for indoor flower growing in homes and offices. The cost per ton of compost production is 10 Canadian dollars, and the price can reach 25 to 60 Canadian dollars. The second is the recycling of sewage. The pig manure waste is generally transported to the sewage treatment tank through pipelines. After anaerobic and aerobic fermentation, it is used for fertilizing crops or as irrigation water to achieve a virtuous cycle of pig production and crop production.
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