With the arrival of winter, pig farms have closed doors and windows, and porcine respiratory diseases (collectively referred to as porcine respiratory disease syndrome (PRDC)) in pig farms of all sizes often have varying degrees of occurrence. Therefore, winter has become the main prevention and control season for PRDC disease in large-scale farms. Proper control measures can often be used safely, otherwise it will cause serious economic losses to the farm. Some of the causes of winter respiratory diseases and their control measures are described below. They are for reference only.
Porcine respiratory disease syndrome (PRDC) is currently the number one disease affecting the global swine industry. Its clinical manifestations are pneumonia symptoms, coughing of pigs, increased secretion of eye and nose, rapid respiratory rate, elevated body temperature, depressed spirit, loss of appetite, Slow growth or stagnation becomes a stiff pig. Studies have shown that PRDC is caused by the interaction of one or more bacteria, viruses, environmental stress, and many other factors, mostly mixed infection. Usually one or more of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), pseudorabies virus (PRV), swine influenza virus (SIV), Actinobacillus pneumoniae (APP), and porcine circovirus type II (PCV2) The species or mycoplasma first invade the respiratory tract of the pig and destroy the protective barrier of the respiratory tract. Then all kinds of airborne pathogens, such as Pasteurella multocida, Streptococcus, Haemophilus parasuis, Borrelia bronchiseptica, etc., are very Easy to enter the respiratory tract and lungs, resulting in secondary mixed infection. The disease occurs in 6 to 8 weeks old nursery pigs and finishing pigs, the incidence rate is usually 30% to 70%, the mortality rate is 10% to 20%, causing severe economic losses to the pig industry.
1 Main pathogenic factors
1.1 Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)
Commonly referred to as "blue ear disease", the typical symptom is the increase in miscarriage or premature delivery of sows at the end of pregnancy, and increased respiratory disease in piglets. PRRS disease severely destroys macrophages in the alveoli, replicates them, increases the susceptibility of bacterial pneumonia, and often causes secondary immunosupression caused by Haemophilus parasuis, streptococcosis, and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. It also affects the immune effects of vaccines such as swine fever.
1.2 Type II Circovirus (PVC-2)
Is a new virus that causes pigs many diseases, PVC-2 virus can also infect alveolar macrophages, resulting in immunosuppression, causing interstitial pneumonia, common in piglets 6 to 14 weeks of age, the incidence rate of 2% ~30%, the mortality rate is between 4% and 10%.
1.3 Swine Influenza (SI)
SI is an acute, highly contagious respiratory infection caused by the virulent swine influenza virus (SIV). Pigs of different ages, sexes and breeds can occur throughout the year. However, in winter, sudden changes in temperature and decline in pig immunity are more likely to occur. The disease is mostly chronic, with high morbidity and low mortality rate. It is characterized by sudden onset, high fever, tearing, increased nasal fluid, cough, dyspnea, and depression. If a single swine influenza virus infects, it is often Benign progress, but the virus can reproduce in the nasal mucosa, tonsils, lymph nodes and lungs, can damage the defense mechanism of the lungs of pigs, thereby opening the door for other viruses or bacteria, if secondary infection occurs, its symptoms and lesions will increase.
1.4 Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP)
Mainly caused by porcine hemorrhagic pleural pleuropneumonia, often with an acute course, causing the pig to quickly die. The bacterium has 15 serotypes. The bacterium enters the respiratory tract through the droplets. It reaches the lungs by means of cilia and aponeurosis on the lung surface and is phagocytosed by the alveolar macrophages. The resulting toxins have toxic effects on the alveolar epithelial cells and endothelial cells. Cellulous hemorrhagic pleuropneumonia.
1.5 Haemophilus parasuis
Haemophilus parasuis is a pathogen of pig Plase disease and is often considered as the normal flora of the upper respiratory tract. Haemophilus parasuis causes diseases such as PRRS disease, PCV-2, pseudorabies and flu. After that, it is common in 5-8 weeks old pigs. Early symptoms include fever, loss of appetite, and anorexia. Difficulty in breathing, swollen joints, lameness, dyskinesia, and cyanosis deaths are also seen. The pigs with acute tolerance show coarse hair, coughing, difficulty breathing, and growth retardation. The incidence rate is generally 10%. % ~ 15%, serious mortality rate can reach 50%.
1.6 Porcine Puff Disease (MPS)
MPS is a contact and chronic respiratory infection caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in pigs and it is the main culprit causing pig respiratory diseases. After infection, sick pigs suffer from dry cough, low-grade fever, slow growth, and high incidence. Mycoplasma infections can damage bronchial cilia and shorten or reduce cilia. They can't remove all kinds of respiratory pathogens and foreign bodies, leading to opening of the airway portal and making airborne. The bacteria drove straight into the respiratory tract and lungs. Mycoplasma infections resulted in decreased ability of lymphocytes and macrophages to produce antibodies, weakened respiratory immunity, decreased resistance, and could easily cause respiratory and secondary infections of other bacteria and viruses. Simple mycoplasma infection only causes mild pneumonia, but pig farms rarely have simple mycoplasma infections, secondary infections are often inevitable, especially when M. pneumoniae infection is complicated by PRRS.
2 control measures
For the control of PRDC in the winter, we must start from the aspects of eliminating pathogens, improving the environment, and improving feeding and management. The feeding conditions of different pig farms are different, and the types of pathogenic microorganisms are different. The specific conditions of this field should be analyzed to formulate corresponding measures.
2.1 Environmental Regulation
The main points of management in winter that differ from other seasons are thermal insulation and ventilation. Each pig farm should pay attention to hardware construction and facilities investment, there must be conditions to maintain the temperature, use of heating or heat stoves, but also some local insulation facilities, such as infrared heat lamps or heating plates, to prevent piglets get together. While maintaining the temperature, it is necessary to have an exhaust system suitable for winter use, eliminate greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and other harmful gases in a timely manner, do a good job in sanitation, clean the excreta in time, keep it dry, and reduce the temperature difference. The stress, on time disinfection, reduces the density of pathogens or dust in the air to reduce the chance of infection.
2.2 Strengthen Feeding Management
Do a good job in building a biosafety system to prevent the introduction of diseases, strengthen disinfection to reduce the number of pathogenic microorganisms in the field, and strive for a system of all-in and all-out, especially in the delivery room and nursery homes. The age of each batch of piglets should not exceed 7 days, after each batch of transfer. Thoroughly sterilize and use the "Chong-Xiao-Xun-Brush-Xiao-Shao" six-time disinfection method, emptying more than one week to transfer to the next batch of pigs, and completely remove the horizontal spread between piglets of different ages (batch). Early weaning reduces pathogen-parent-to-child transmission. To reduce the rearing density, the nursery should allow 0.3-0.4 square meters of living space for each pig, and the rearing room should allow 1 square meter of living space for each pig. To provide a reasonable and balanced nutrition for pigs, especially for pigs given a high nutritional level before and after weaning good feed palatability, increase feed intake of weaned piglets, to a certain extent, can reduce the incidence. Use vitamins and other methods to reduce the negative effects of stress factors such as castration, weaning, swarming, refuelling, and vaccine injections.
2.3 The principle of self-cultivation
It is really necessary to introduce species. Investigation of the epidemic should be done in advance to prevent the purchase of infected pigs and occult pigs. After the breeding pigs arrive on the farm, they are isolated and reared for 40 days to 2 months, and they are immunized and prophylactically administered according to the procedures. They are also domesticated with some old sows in this field and allowed to produce antibodies adapted to the microbes in the field. After confirming that there is no epidemic disease, the animals can be reared in groups.
2.4 Do a good job in the prevention of various types of vaccines
According to the existence of the pathogen, do a good job of immunization.
2.4.1 Do the autumn defense and group defense:
Prior to the arrival of winter, do a good job of immunization of breeding herds: such as foot-and-mouth disease, streptococcal disease, infectious pleuropneumonia, pigs and breeding boars, swollen noses, pseudorabies, and blue ear disease, etc., and do Good insect repellent work.
2.4.2 Sows should be pre-natal injections of vaccines such as infectious gastroenteritis, epidemic diarrhea, double vaccine, pseudorabies, E. coli trivalent, wilt, etc., so that sows are at a high level of immunity. .
2.4.3 Piglet immunity:
For the blue-eared disease immune controversy, the field has tried piglet immunization procedures: piglet super-immunity (Ningmu Nanjing seedlings) 40 days old recharge, 7-day-old streptococcus (Zhongmu Jiangxi seedlings), 14-day-old mycoplasma (Bo Ringer Inactivated Vaccine, 21-day-old blue-ear disease virus seedling (Boehringer), after more than a year of trials, experienced the winter test and achieved good results.
2.5 Drug Prevention
Sucking piglets injected once every day at 3, 7, and 21 days of age, or “cemetro firstâ€, or ceftiofur, has a certain effect on the prevention of respiratory diseases.
One week before and after sow delivery, health-prophylaxis drugs were added to the diet to prevent postpartum infection on the one hand, and on the other hand to reduce transmission of pathogenic bacteria. One week after weaning and one week before and after the transfer, the antibiotics were added. The growth pigs were 5-18 weeks old. Pulsed doses could be given every other week or two weeks depending on the situation. Breeding herds and reserve groups were prevented once a month. For drug use, choose amoxicillin, chlorogenic acid, ampicillin, tylosin, sulfamethoxazole or hexamethoxypyrimidine, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, lignoampine, florfenicol, depending on the pathogenic sensitivity of the field. Test and other alternate use, such as adding 80% of the original net per ton of feed 125 grams of amoxicillin + 250 grams of +15% aureomycin 2 kg for prenatal postpartum sows, 1.2 kilograms of lignocin + doxycycline 200 grams for weaned piglets and sows.
In summary, the pathogenic factors of PRDC are more complex. When taking preventive and control measures, comprehensive consideration should be given according to the situation and a program suitable for this field should be selected.
Intravenous simply means "within vein" (or "inside the vein"). Therapies administered intravenously are often included in the designation of specialty drugs. Intravenous infusions are commonly referred to as drips because many systems of administration employ a drip chamber, which prevents air from entering the blood stream (air embolism), and allows an estimation of flow rate.
Intravenous therapy may be used to correct electrolyte imbalances, to deliver medications, for blood transfusion or as fluid replacement to correct, for example, dehydration. Intravenous therapy can also be used for chemotherapy.
Compared with other routes of administration, the intravenous route is the fastest way to deliver fluids and medications throughout the body. The bioavailability of the medication is 100% in IV therapy.
Intravenous infusions are fluid solutions administered through a vein. There are numerous different types of solutions available, but they can be broken down into simple categories depending on the function they serve. Some replace lost fluids, and others provide nutrients, replace lost blood, and deliver medications.
One of the most common uses for intravenous infusions is to replenish fluids lost through dehydration. These infusions often contain normal saline solution, a combination of sterile water and sodium chloride. This solution is known as an isotonic crystalloid, or a solution that contains the same amount of electrolytes as plasma in the body. It is used in cases of moderate to severe dehydration, such as that caused by vomiting or diarrhea, when replacing the fluids quickly is vital.
When a patient`s gastrointestinal tract is compromised and nutrients cannot be absorbed - or eating can worsen the condition - intravenous infusions called total parenteral nutrition may be given. These solutions contain a mix of sterile water, electrolytes, sugar, proteins, fats, and other nutrients, depending on the needs of the patient. Diseases and disorders that commonly require total parenteral nutrition include late stages of Crohn`s disease, obstructive bowel disorder, and ulcerative colitis.
Intravenous infusions are also used to deliver medication directly to the blood stream. Certain medications, such as intravenous immunoglobulin, a type of antibody, can only be given through the vein. Other medications, such as certain narcotic pain relievers, are given intravenously because the method allows them to they work faster than when taken orally. Chemotherapy for treatment of cancer is also typically given intravenously.
When performed by a medical professional, intravenous infusions are typically safe. The most common reaction is mild pain and redness at the site of the injection, although different medications may cause different side effects. Any time the skin is punctured, there is a risk of infection. Having a medical professional, typically a nurse, monitor the Intravenous Infusion and change the injection site when irritation is evident can help prevent complications.
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