China is a large agricultural country. Each year, the area affected by pests, diseases, diseases and weeds of crops is approximately 200 million hectares (times). Each year, it is necessary to produce and use about 250,000 tons (effective ingredients) of pesticides. Biopesticides have a wide range of sources of raw materials for production, non-target biological safety, small side effects, and good environmental compatibility, and have become a new trend in the development of the global pesticide industry.
1 Production scale
There are currently approximately 200 bio-pesticides manufacturing enterprises in China. In 2004, 140 species of biopesticide active ingredients were registered, accounting for 15% of China's total pesticide active ingredient varieties; 411 products accounted for 8% of registered pesticide products; annual production of 12 to 130,000 tons of pharmaceutical preparations, accounting for approximately total pesticides 12% of production; annual production value of about 300 million US dollars, accounting for about 10% of the total output value of pesticides, using an area of ​​about 400 million acres. At present, the number of newly-developed and registered biopesticides is increasing at a rate of 4% each year.
The main species of biological pesticides in China are Bt insecticides, agricultural antibiotics, plant-derived pesticides, transgenic plants, viral pesticides, fungal pesticides, and plant growth-regulating pesticides. Bulk products are still dominated by jinggangmycin and Bt. There is a far cry from the developed countries in terms of dosage form, quality and quantity, and it is far from meeting the needs of domestic and foreign markets. In 2001, the State Development Planning Commission’s High-tech Industrialization Demonstration Project, the natural plant-derived pesticide pyrethroid, an annual output of 6,000 tons of “Wu Da Oasis†series of biological virus insecticides, fungal biocontrol agents, and compound microbial viable agents The annual production of 5,000 tons of oligo-glycan biopesticides and 5 bio-pesticides were approved. In 2002, it also approved an annual output of 3,000 tons of “Aoluo Green†series of biological virus insecticides, an annual output of 10,000 tons of Ningnanmycin, nematode biocontrol preparations, and an annual output of 30,000 tons of solid fermentation Bt and other biological pesticides.
2 Research hotspots and trends at home and abroad
The research of Chinese biological pesticides began in the early 1950s and currently has more than 30 research institutes, universities, national and ministerial key laboratories for research and development of biological pesticides, and research institutes with certain working conditions in biological pesticides. Resource screening evaluation, genetic engineering, fermentation engineering, post-production processing, and demonstration of engineering validation have become self-contained.
The main trends in the development of biopesticides are: the strategic high-tech competition with the core of gene recombination is becoming increasingly fierce; the key technological innovation has been significantly accelerated; the latest molecular biology methods have been increasingly applied to the research and development of biopesticides; Variety continues to emerge; its R&D and application are moving towards a safer and more environmentally friendly direction; product replacement is accelerating, and the biopesticide industry has become the most promising area of ​​development for agriculture-related industries.
Through research and development of safe, efficient, environment-friendly and versatile new varieties of biological pesticides, breakthroughs in bio-pesticides genetic engineering and key technologies in fermentation engineering, research on a series of issues such as formulation and processing of biological pesticides, product quality, environmental behavior, etc. Safeguard the safety of agricultural products, protect human ecological environment and achieve sustainable development of agricultural production.
2.1 Bacterial and Viral Insecticides
At home and abroad, the main Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Bt pesticide research began in China in the 1950s, with an annual output of about 40,000 tons, but compared with developed countries, there is still a considerable gap between the level of fermentation and preparation of our products. Abroad, the production has been widely used efficient broad-spectrum engineering strains, high fermentation levels, high recovery of fermentation products; dosage forms varied, including powders, wettable powders, suspensions, concentrates, oil emulsions, emulsifiable concentrates, granules, tablets , ES (Emulsifiable suspension), sustained release agents, bio-coating agents, etc. The majority of domestic production strains are of the Bt type Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)k type, and the product dosage forms are only wettable powders and suspensions; the liquid fermentation process mainly adopts batch fermentation technology; the post-extraction technology adopts centrifugal concentration technology, resulting in fermentation broth A large number of active ingredients such as synergists are lost. In addition, China's current spray drying equipment also restricts the increase in product recovery. The use of genetic engineering technology to construct Bt-based bacterial agents with stable efficacy and broad prevention and control is a new trend in the development of Bt biopesticides.
Studies of insect virus insecticides that have sustained control of the target pests began in the 1970s. The outbreak of cotton bollworm in the last century has promoted the development of insecticides for Helicoverpa armigera nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Twelve of the 15 virus insecticides registered in China were Helicoverpa armigera nuclear polyhedrosis virus. It can be seen that insect virus species in China are single.
Novel Insecticidal Microbial Preparations: The development and application of high-efficiency broad-spectrum Bt preparations are focused on lepidopteran pests such as leaf-type coleopteran pests, beet armyworm and others. Make full use of China's extremely rich microbial resources to separate new insect-resistant and disease-resistant protein genes with independent intellectual property rights and important application values. Through insecticidal protein gene combinations, molecular evolution, and amino acid site-directed mutagenesis, fusion, and interchange, molecular design methods have further improved insecticidal virulence and expanded insecticidal spectrum.
2.2 Agricultural Antibiotics
China's agricultural antibiotics account for 90% of the total output of biological pesticides, but there are fewer new agricultural resistance varieties with practical intellectual property rights. Since the 1990s, China has successively screened and reported some new agricultural resistance varieties with independent intellectual property rights. Among them, the insecticide-resistant antibiotics include catecholidine, bactericidal antibiotics such as ningnanmycin, etc., but currently only practical varieties have been used. A kind of Nanmycin. China currently has 29 kinds of pesticides and bactericidal antibiotics, 120 products, about 100 manufacturers, and an annual output of more than 80,000 tons. It is a large country producing agricultural antibiotics, but it has not yet created new influential varieties of agricultural chemicals. . From a worldwide perspective, the most influential new insecticidal antibiotic Avermectin and herbicide antibiotic Phthoxazollin were discovered in the 1980s. In the 1990s, the most influential new antibiotic antibiotic Spinosad and bactericidal antibiotic Strobilurin were discovered. Among them, Avermectin has been developed into the world's best product by Merck and other companies. Phthoxazollin is used as a lead compound to synthesize the best herbicide-glyphosate series. Spinocad and Strobilurin are under development and are expected to become the best in the world. Bio-pesticides and fungicides.
The Ningnanmycin registered in China during the Ninth Five-Year Plan period needs further improvement in its fermentation process. Zhongshengmycin has a significant effect on the control of bacterial blight such as rice leaf blight. At present, there are only two kinds of water agents and wettable powders, which can not meet the needs of different crops and different ecological environment applications.
Develop some highly targeted chemical modification technologies, focusing on transforming the structure of some natural agricultural antibiotics to increase their use or improve their efficacy; and strengthen the research and development of old varieties, and significantly increase Jinggangmycin, Nanchangmycin and Mei through metabolic engineering. Production of oxytetracycline, etc., enables production of Jinggangmycin-producing bacteria to exceed that of existing industrial production strains; knock out of gene clusters to obtain engineering strains that produce only Nanchang or only meilingoxine; use of abundant antibiotic genes Resources, obtain new activity-derived antibiotics by combining biosynthetic orientation. The use of fermentation engineering technology to study the laws of fermentation and metabolism of agricultural antibiotics, to obtain a new process and a new dosage form processing technology to greatly increase the level of fermentation.
In recent years, certain advances have been made in the study of intestinal microorganisms of marine microorganisms and entomopathogenic bacteria. These two types of habitat-specific microorganisms can produce specific insecticidal or bacteriostatic metabolites. The results showed that the isocoumarin derivatives produced by the pathogens of the Xenorhabdus nematophila isolates had a good control effect on potato late blight, tomato late blight, powdery mildew and other important diseases.
2.3 Fungal preparations
The entomopathogenic fungi have great potential for solving pest resistance problems. Since the late 1980s, more than 40 fungal insecticides have been registered overseas and applied in large areas. The research work on the collection of entomopathogenic fungi, the screening of virulence strains, the mechanism of insecticidal fungal invasion, and the use of genetic engineering for the transformation of virulent strains were carried out. The protease and chitinase genes of the cloned degraded insect coat were introduced into Beauveria bassiana by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation fungal technology. Screening recombinant strains that have significantly improved the effectiveness of sucking pests such as aphids. Established a regulatory system using ecdysone as an inducer to screen adjuvants that can promote the germination and infection of insecticidal fungi spores at lower humidity and different temperatures, and increase the shelf life of insecticidal fungi. Genetic engineering technology has become highly effective. Insecticide fungus strain breeding methods.
Among the insecticidal fungal pesticides, Beauveria bassiana has the longest research history and the largest research team. It applies to controlling more than 10 million mu of pine caterpillars and corn borers annually, and fungicidal fungal pesticides mainly include Trichoderma. Since the discovery of the prevention and control of plant diseases caused by Trichoderma in the 1930s, it has been the most studied and the most widely used fungal fungicide. At present, the product is mainly produced by liquid-solid two-phase fermentation of conidia. In the late 1990s, the process of liquid fermentation for producing chlamydospores in the United States is expected to provide a new way for the industrialization of Trichoderma. To study the regulation mechanism of Trichoderma spp. Producing chlamydospore, to screen high-efficiency strains such as Paecilomyces cubensis and to construct engineering strains, and to provide technical support for the breakthrough of fungal fermentation process.
2.4 Novel plant activator proteins
Researches on protein activators that stimulate plant immune resistance and increase production have attracted widespread attention at home and abroad. In 2000, Medicinal pesticide products developed by EDEN Corporation from bacteria-derived allergy proteins were registered in the United States and listed by EPA as pesticide products that are exempt from inspection and allowed to be used on all crops. It has been widely used in tobacco, vegetables and fruits in the United States, Mexico and other countries. In 2004, it was approved by the Ministry of Agriculture's Institute of Agricultural Products (ICAMA), and Kangsunsu obtained a temporary registration certificate for pesticides. The first batch was recommended for use on tomatoes, peppers, tobacco, and rapeseed.
At present, there are Activator and HarpinXo currently under development in China. At present, China has successfully isolated and obtained a number of plant-activated protein gene engineering strains. Field trials have shown that the activation of protein pesticides can achieve a 70% control effect on various plant virus diseases and increase production by more than 10%. In 2004, this result had passed the appraisal of the Ministry of Agriculture and reached the international advanced level of similar research.
2.5 Biochemistry and New Exciter Pesticides
In the 1980s, scholars discovered that chitin and other substances derived from fungi and plant cell walls can activate a variety of signal transduction pathways in plants as a new class of biological elicitors (containing oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, peptides, and fatty acids, etc.) Substances) The research, development, production and application of biochemical pesticides have attracted the attention of the foreign scientific and technological community and international multinational corporations. China is rich in resources and research and development advantages of oligosaccharides and other biological elicitors, and should be highly regarded. Oligosaccharide biopesticides can not only effectively control diseases such as tobacco mosaic disease (control efficiency, 72%) but also various crops and economic crops. At the same time can significantly increase the output of 10% to 30%.
New insect biochemical (digestive) enzyme inhibitor studies show that: small-molecule proteins and organic fatty acids (hyaluronic acid) have a strong inhibitory effect on insect biochemical (digestive) enzymes leading to the death of insects, but also have resistance to nematodes, fungi, bacteria and viruses The role.
3 Vigorously develop biological pesticides feasibility analysis
(1) It has abundant biological resources. China is a big country of biological resources and has 10% of the world's biological genetic resources. According to incomplete statistics, China has about 260,000 species of animals, plants, and microorganisms, and there are also rare human genetic resources that are rare in other countries. At present, China has preserved more than 300,000 copies of crop germplasm data, ranking first in the world, and providing abundant materials for the development of life sciences and biotechnology in China. This advantage is irreplaceable and exclusive.
(2) Environmental protection and market demand. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Agriculture, China's crop pests and diseases have an area of ​​about 6 billion mu around the year. The annual loss of grain is 16 million tons. Each year, more than 800,000 tons of chemical pesticide formulations are required to be produced and used. Among them, 80% are highly toxic pesticides, causing more than 20% of fruits and vegetables and more than 10% of grain pesticide residues to be exceeded. Therefore, the development of bio-pesticides industry is very important to ensure the sustainable development of agriculture, protect people's lives and health, and protect the ecological environment. It will create very favorable conditions for the export of agricultural products in China and greatly enhance the international competitiveness of China's agricultural products. Our country plans to increase the share of biopesticides in all pesticides from the current 10% to 30% by 2015.
For China's accession to the WTO, developed countries have adjusted and raised the technical threshold for product imports, and the impact of agricultural products has been the most affected. The EU officially banned the sale of 320 pesticides in the European Union on December 31, 2003. It involved more than 60 varieties of pesticides produced in China, of which 31 were pesticides, and others were fungicides and herbicides. These pesticides were used in China. The production volume and use range have a certain scale. Therefore, the development of bio-pesticides has become a top priority, and its R&D will effectively achieve high-quality and safe production of agricultural products, increase the added value of agricultural products, expand the export market of agricultural and sideline products in China, and promote the development of green agriculture.
(3) The research team continues to grow. In the field of bio-pesticides technology, China has formed a relatively high-level R&D team and a considerable work base, and its ability to innovate and develop has continuously increased. At present, China has more than 30 bio-pesticides research institutions, approximately 200 bio-pesticides manufacturing companies, and 20,000 R&D personnel for biotechnology. Each year, about 4,600 undergraduates and graduate students majoring in biotechnology join the ranks. In the area of ​​biotechnology research and development, a research team that has begun to take shape and has a certain degree of competitiveness has been formed.
(4) Support of government policies. The Chinese government attaches great importance to the development of pollution-free agricultural production technology. In 1996, China’s Agenda 21 included the research and development of biological pesticides in the first batch of selected projects. In 1998, Project 2116 also included biological pesticides, microbial fertilizers, plant growth regulators, and microbial degradation agents in the first major project development plans. China Green Food Development Center and Organic Food Development Center have also been established one after another. Beijing, Fujian and other provinces and cities have established pollution-free production regulations, clearly stipulating that vegetable production is prohibited from using highly toxic and highly toxic pesticides.
4 The development direction of biopesticides in China and problems to be solved
The share of biological pesticides in the entire pesticide industry in China is quite limited, and there is still a big gap compared with developed countries.
In view of the outstanding difficulties and problems existing in the development of biopesticides in China, the following are suggested: First, consider the prospects for development from the dual perspectives of economic and social benefits, give preferential policies to the development of biopesticides, increase R&D funding, and reduce or exempt corporate taxes, etc. The use of highly toxic, highly toxic, and high residual chemical pesticides should be prohibited or restricted. Second, it is necessary to promote the integration of resource advantages, integrate innovation, and form a number of large-scale bio-pesticides companies with both development capabilities and large-scale production throughout the country, and gradually form a multi-variety structure of the bio-pesticide industry development pattern. The third is the joint efforts of enterprises and agricultural technical departments to strengthen the promotion of the technology of biological pesticides so that farmers can master the use of biological pesticides.
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