China's maize yield is mostly 450-700 kilograms, growth and development can be divided into seedling stage, jointing, booting, heading, grouting, maturing and other different periods.
The production of corn is affected by many factors, and the fertilization conditions are ever-changing. Understanding the characteristics of fertilization and fertilization principles of crops can be done according to local conditions. In order to help farmers' friends to broaden their thinking when analyzing and solving practical problems, and to conduct comprehensive management of crop production, the newspaper asked experts to introduce the characteristics of fertilizer requirements and fertilization principles for maize for reference.
Fertilizer requirement
"Big bell" is the key period of fertilizer. Maize seedlings absorbed less nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and the jointing period increased significantly, and peaking from booting to heading. The big bell-mouth period is the critical period for fertilizer application. The specific fertilizer application time and fertilizer application rate will be determined by the soil fertility and yield levels.
The "three-leaf clover" has a special role. The large bell-mouthed trefoil clover (early leaves and its top and bottom two leaves) stick out, and the leaves are clustered to form a bell-shaped mouth, which is the critical period for determining the number of spikes and grains per panicle. It is necessary to properly plant, timely remove and appropriate detasseling and other nutritional control measures to improve and extend the photosynthetic efficiency of the clover trifoliate.
Zinc deficiency is easy. Maize is sensitive to zinc deficiency, and it is prone to zinc deficiency in continuous high-yield farms without long-term application of farmyard manure. The long-term over-application of P fertilizers such as winter wheat is also prone to zinc deficiency. This is common in sandy areas and drought years.
Is a single plant into the ear crop. The plant density has a great influence on the yield. Generally, the planting density per acre is 3,000 to 5,000. If high yield and super high yield are to be achieved, a tight plant-compacted variety must be selected; under a reasonable close planting condition, the fertilizing amount should increase with the density. increase.
Has a strong root system. The total root weight of the corn and the depth of soil penetration are higher than those of other cereal crops. It is necessary to establish favorable conditions for the growth of maize roots through regular deep plowing or deep loosening; neither spring corn nor summer corn should be topdressed, but must be combined with topdressing to properly cultivate the soil.
Fertilization principle
Improve fertilization techniques. Increase the amount of organic fertilizer and increase the intensity of returning straw. When the straw is returned to the field, an additional 2 to 3 kg of nitrogen fertilizer (N) per acre is required to adjust the ratio of carbon to nitrogen in the straw and to accelerate the maturity of the straw; the nitrogen fertilizer application amount is appropriately adjusted according to the results of soil testing and formula fertilization; the nitrogen fertilizer is applied in an appropriate period. Increase the ratio of nitrogen top dressing; unless the land is thin and weak, topdressing of nitrogen should be postponed until the bell-mouth period, and cover soil after application. In high-yield plots, soils that are not treated with organic manure and zinc deficiency for a long time, attention should be paid to the prevention of zinc deficiency through the addition of farmyard manure, basal fertilizer Mushi 1-2 kg of zinc sulfate or foliar spray of zinc fertilizer; Can be appropriately reduced, but still have to pay attention to the lack of zinc and other trace elements.
Strengthen comprehensive management. High-yielding and dense-cultivated varieties should be selected, and the planting density should be appropriately increased as appropriate to give full play to the potential for increasing the yield of the fertilizer. The spring maize must be deeply ploughed or deep-rooted regularly to break the bottom layer of the plough; and the summer corn can be properly ploughed before wheat sowing to promote the maize root system. Development; seed drying, seed soaking and seed dressing and appropriate sowing; seedlings should be combined with cultivator weeding, appropriate seedlings and cultivating strong seedlings; reasonable fertilization during the earing stage, so that dry irrigation rake row; through the timely removal of lice, flowering period interlaced Or septum emasculation reduces nutrient loss, improves ventilation and light transmission, and creates favorable conditions for pollination; for plots with high planting density or susceptibility to wind disaster, chemical control pesticides can be sprayed at the jointing stage to prevent disease and insect pests; Prevention and control, pre-planting and seedling stage focus on control of tigers, armyworms, roundworms, fleas, etc., and focus on the prevention and treatment of large-spot, spot, stalk rot, corn borer, etc. during the panicle stage. Insects, cotton bollworms, aphids, etc.
Spring corn and summer corn
Corn can be divided into spring corn and summer corn according to the planting season. Every place and different agricultural ecology and production conditions should be adapted to local conditions in fertilization and management.
Different requirements for seeding. Spring corn is mainly distributed in the three northeastern provinces and the eastern part of the Inner Mongolian region. It is mainly in Jilin Province, and it is mostly rain-fed agriculture once a year. It is generally sown from late April to early May and harvested from the end of September to the beginning of October. Among them, the western part of the producing areas are drought-prone in spring, and they are often robbed for sowing; the growing season in the northern part of the producing area is short, and it is cold in early spring. The summer corn is mainly distributed in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, the Central and South Shandong hills, the Shandong Peninsula, southern Shanxi, and the central Shaanxi, mostly with winter wheat and other overwintering crops. Generally sowing in the middle and early June, and harvesting from late September to early October, the shorter growing period should be used, but it should not be too short, otherwise it is difficult to increase the potential for maize production. Summer corn is vulnerable to summer flooding after jointing. Timely drainage and pest control.
Different requirements for fertilization. The yield of spring maize is generally higher than that of summer maize, and the fertilizer demand is also large. However, the soil fertility in Northeast China is generally higher than that in the Huang-Huai-Hai region. Therefore, the specific fertilization amount depends on the production of soil. With regard to the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium for total fertilization, phosphorus in summer maize is lower than that in spring maize, while potassium is higher than that in spring maize. Spring corn generally has mechanized sowing and fertilizing conditions. If one wants to perform one-time fertilization under the conditions of mechanized fertilization, it is necessary to use high-nitrogen compound fertilizer and increase the amount of fertilization appropriately (for example, 50-60 kilograms per mu), and nitrogen fertilizer is the best among them. Sustained release properties; 1/4 of the total fertilizer and other fertilizers should be applied to soil layers of 5 to 10 cm and less than 10 cm respectively; and when the summer corn is sown, it is difficult to plough the basal fertilizer deeper. N, P and K should be combined with Dingmiao in the 4 to 5 leaf stage. Fertilization also needs to consider the characteristics of crop rotation. Compared with winter wheat, summer maize has the same amount of nitrogen, but the amount of phosphorus used is small, and the amount of potassium applied is large. Therefore, the two crops should be planned in an integrated manner.
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