At the beginning of 2014, Illumina's HiSeq X Ten sequencing platform realized the idea of ​​“reducing the cost of sequencing human genomes to $1,000â€. The sequencing platform's sequencing cost is 20% of the cost of other current sequencing platforms. In other words, Illunima is leading the development of the second-generation sequencing market, causing the cost of sequencing to plummet.
Whole genome sequencing cost versus time graph (excluding Illumina's latest platform)
In the third-generation sequencing platform, Pacific Biotech's PacBio RS II sequencing platform can better meet the accurate sequencing and assembly of a variety of special areas. PacBio and the X-Ten sequencing platform are often used in combination to obtain high quality genome-wide data. The desire of high-quality big data by researchers and pharmaceutical companies, as well as consumer demand for low-cost sequencing, will be realized.
If the cost of sequencing drops to a few hundred dollars or less in the next five years, people's lives may change. When low-cost sequencing is popular, one person will have four needs for genome sequencing from birth to death.
1. The need for neonatal genome-wide screening
In the United States, although genetic testing conditions vary slightly from state to state, newborns are screened for peripheral disease screening before discharge. Because even the best-known newborn genetic screening chip in the world is only screening for health-related genes. Whole genome sequencing will break through the current barriers to blood testing and expand the usefulness of genetic testing in newborns. Through whole-genome sequencing of newborns, doctors can monitor individual risk and prevent or treat them early. "Genetics in Medicine" recently published a survey of researchers who performed genome-wide sequencing of 514 newborn parents on health sciences and asked if they would like to give their children a genome-wide test. 83% of parents expressed willingness .
2, the requirements of routine sequencing inspection
Even after the newborn is discharged from hospital, the need for sequencing will not stop. Although the test results show that you have no specific genes that affect your health, the environment is an important determinant of gene expression and silencing that affects your health. For example, nutrition, stress, special chemical reagents, body exercise, etc., will regulate gene expression. If the cost of gene sequencing is low enough, you might do a genetic test every few years, or when you are sick, do genome sequencing to find out if there is a change in the genome. As with neonatal genetic screening, routine genomic testing can be diagnosed at an early stage of the disease and preventive measures can be taken in advance.
3. Guide the demand for shopping based on sequencing information
I believe that reading your own genome will be a very interesting thing. Some genetic tests may not affect your life. Some test results may affect your shopping habits. Most consumers don't know that consumer goods giant Procter & Gamble has positioned itself as a leader in genomics. Procter & Gamble develops more effective anti-dandruff shampoos by sequencing the fungi that cause human dandruff to its own Head & Shoulders brand shampoo. Some companies are also allowed to use genome sequencing to develop skin care products for all ages, and even high-priced diapers that do not cause eczema.
4. Explore the need for personalized cancer drugs
If you choose personalized skin care products, how can you not choose personalized medicine ? The media often reports personalized medicine, and the efficient and economical sequencing prospects will make personalized medicine a reality, although there are still many obstacles to overcome. In the case of cancer, doctors can determine the primary location of cancer and specific mutations by sequencing cancer tissue samples. Personalized treatment based on this information.
Maybe one day in the future, you may have a device in your home: When your family member is sick, this device can send his genetic information and disease symptoms to the disease control center, and then receive a better treatment plan. The patient can receive treatment without leaving the house. Does it sound incredible?
PCR ( Polymerase Chain Reaction)
It provides a way to make more copies of a portion of DNA.
We need to have PCR ingredients that include DNA portion, Buffer solution, Primer+DNA (tap polymerase), and Nucleotides during the preparation step.
In the step of PCR sequence, there are three steps in this section.
Step 1 Denaturation
The addition of heat is needed to separate the two strands of the DNA molecule.
Step 2 Annealing
Temperature, is going to be cool in this step, should allow the primers to bind to the specific segments.
Step 3 DNA Synthesis
To make more copies of the DNA.
Those three steps above keep repeating to make enough copies of the DNA fragments. It is the principle of how PCR machine works.
SARS-Cov-2, One test type that uses a sample from a nose or throat swab in a 'PCR test'. The goal is to make enough copies of the viral cDNA in order for it to be detectable.
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