In 2015, the three internationally renowned magazines Cell, Nature and Science (CNS) still published a lot of highlights and intriguing research. In this article, Xiaobian took stock of some very important heavyweight highlights published by Nature in 2015.
[1] Nature: Tumor also has internet
Astrocytoma is a difficult-to-treat brain tumor because it does not respond to standardized therapies. The reason for the resistance of these cancers is that the tumors have formed a network of communication in the patient's brain. The conclusion of this study from the Vienna General Hospital and other places was also published in the internationally renowned journal Nature.
Glioma is a tumor that occurs in the central nervous system. It can be divided into astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma. Oligodendroglioma is very rare, and the number of cases per year is about 40. Brain-like tumors respond well to standard and chemotherapy methods; astrocytoma is highly invasive and difficult to treat, and astrocytoma patients generally have a poor prognosis, and patients generally only survive for a few years, approximately every year in Austria. 400 individuals were diagnosed with astrocytoma.
As of now, researchers are not clear why astrocytoma responds so badly to treatments compared to other brain tumors. In this study, researchers collaborated with scientists at the University of Heidelberg to identify a key breakthrough. May help develop an effective treatment for astrocytoma. Researcher Matthias Preusser pointed out that astrocytoma can form an interconnected communication network. In order to achieve this goal, tumor cells will form a long channel through their cell membrane, the so-called tumor microcatheter, so the tumor microcatheter will Multiple tumor cells are connected.
[2] Nature: CRISPR-Cas also has natural enemies!
- Recently, researchers from the University of Toronto, Canada, published a recent study in the famous international academic journal Nature, in which they first discovered a protein synthesized by phage to inhibit the CRISPR-CAS system in bacteria.
The battle for survival between bacteria and bacteria-infected viruses (phage) has led to the evolution of many bacterial defense systems, and phage have evolved new antagonists against these systems. The CRISPR-CAS system is one of the most common methods by which bacteria protect themselves against phage, and it plays an important role as an adaptive immune system in many bacteria. At present, the CRISPR-CAS9 system has been increasingly favored by scientists for genetic modification and gene function research.
In this study, the researchers used biochemical and in vivo studies to study the three anti-CRISPR proteins produced by phage, and found that each protein inhibits CRISPR-CAS activity through different mechanisms. Two of these proteins block the DNA-binding activity of the CRISPR-CAS complex by interacting with different protein subunits in the CRISPR-CAS complex, using steric or non-spatial inhibitory effects.
[3] Nature: Light, erase mouse memory
In a research report published in the internationally renowned journal Nature, scientists from the United States and Japan have developed a new type of device that can alter the nerve dendritic spines in the brain of mice, while the nerve dendrites Spines can be modified for the first time in events that promote memory formation, so the study suggests that by altering the dendritic spines in the brain, it may be possible to promote the memory that has been formed in the brain to be forgotten.
As part of understanding the function of the human brain, scientists are now shifting their focus to studying sub-categories in the brain, one of which is memory, how is memory formed, stored, altered, and controlled? It is still a puzzle in the scientific community, but with the latest work, biomedical researchers may be one step closer to the truth.
In this study, the researchers taught the mice to stay on a rolling tube, then used a light beam to illuminate part of the brain of the mouse, and as the mouse learns to change the beam, this operation may be The mouse brain is returned to its pre-learning state, causing the mouse to forget what has just been learned.
[4] Nature: Tumor suppressor protein drives malignant cancer
Recently, scientists from the University of Pennsylvania and other places have found that the growth of malignant tumors and the changes in gene activity of DNA sequences are often directly related to the mutant p53 protein. The results of the research are published in the internationally renowned journal Nature. Or to help develop new strategies for dealing with cancers that are difficult to treat.
TP53 is a frequently mutated gene in all human cancers that encodes a tumor suppressor protein called p53, which normally suppresses tumors by regulating the cycle of cell division, and p53 protein also maintains rapid cell growth and division. Complete the purpose of inhibiting cancer. When DNA is damaged, p53 produces a series of protective effects to repair cellular DNA damage. If the damage is too severe, it will cause cell death. The mutation of TP53 gene will destroy its normal function and cause the cells carrying the damaged DNA to continue. Split until it causes cancer to occur.
[5] Nature: I finally found you! Secrets of liver stem cells
In a recent online study by Nature, scientists at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) identified stem cells that can differentiate into functional hepatocytes. This study unlocks the mystery of where the cells of the liver are constantly emerging. Dr. Roel Nusse, researcher at the Stanford University HHMI, said: "We solved a very old problem. We found that like other tissues that need to replenish lost cells, liver stem cells also proliferate and produce mature cells, even without In the case of liver damage or disease."
The liver is composed primarily of highly differentiated hepatocytes and performs many tasks, including storing vitamins and minerals, removing toxins, and regulating blood fats and sugars. After the death of these cells, they are replaced by healthy new liver cells. But the source of these new cells has never been determined.
Stem cells can develop into highly differentiated cells while supplementing their own numbers, providing new cells for tissues such as skin and blood when they lose cells over time. However, the presence of stem cells has not been found in the liver. Some scientists speculate that mature liver cells may retain their numbers through division.
[6] Nature: Don't know? The palm of the human hand is far more primitive than the chimpanzee.
Recently, the international magazine Nature published an article entitled "The evolution of human and ape hand proportions". In the article, scientists from Stony Brook University found that human palms may be more primitive than chimpanzees.
Since the last common ancestors of humans and chimpanzees have progressed, the size of human palms has changed only a little. The results of this study show that the structure of modern human palms is inherently primitive, and this is not caused by selective pressure in the Stone Age. the result of.
The human hand is mainly represented by a longer thumb on the finger, which is the most unique feature of human beings compared to apes, which is usually considered to be the main reason for the success of a species; The theory of sex reveals how human palms evolve over time.
[7] Nature: Scientists first discovered depression-related genes
In February 014, when Oxford geneticist Jonathan Flint first discovered that certain gene sequences were associated with depression, he was very surprised. Because the research on such attempts has failed, among them, 9000 people have been screened for sensitive genes from severe depression, and 17,000 people have been followed up. The scale of his own research is only 5,303. The Chinese partner of the project includes Fudan University, East China Normal University and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.
But the Flint team succeeded in getting the results. This week they published two papers reporting two of the gene markers for major depression. Major depression is an important disease that seriously endangers human health. This discovery will provide important clues to the search for drugs for the treatment of depression, as well as the development of more accurate tools for the diagnosis of depression. Although these benefits are currently not well defined, it is certain that the study provides a research framework for depression research and provides an important basis for future large-scale collection of data on patients with depression.
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