"Fish can not be separated from the water," "fish farming to raise water," This common message tells us that the quality of water directly affects the success of fishery production. To develop fishery production, there should be a good body of water suitable for the growth and reproduction of fish. The content of organic matter and inorganic matter in water, the population and quantity of natural live baits, and various physical and chemical indicators of water have a great influence on the growth of fish.
Water, like land, is also fat and thin. The so-called water's fatness is the degree of water's fatness, which is mainly determined by the amount of plankton in the water as a fish bait. Plankton itself has a color, and its amount in the water directly affects the ability of sunlight to penetrate in water. Therefore, in the production practice, the fat of water is generally judged by the transparency of the water body.
First, transparency measurement method
Transparency is the degree of sunlight penetration in water. Its size is determined by the amount of plankton, organic debris, sediment or other suspended fine particles in the water.
In general, plankton blooms in summer and autumn are fast, and the transparency is low; plankton growth is inhibited or even died in winter and spring, and the transparency is high. There are waves when there is wind and rain, and muddy sand is thrown up in the water. The transparency is low; when there is no wind and sunny days, the transparency is high. Therefore, under normal circumstances, the size of the transparency directly reflects the thin body of water. The standard method for determining the brightness of a display is to use a transparency plate. When there is no transparency, the arm can be straightened and the palms facing the face, so that the palm and arms are at right angles, slowly extend the hand from the water into the water vertically until the palm is not visible (testing back and forth), and the length of the water arm is measured. transparency. The clarified fish ponds generally have a transparency of 20-40 cm, preferably 25-30 cm.
Second, judging water quality based on the color
Water color is a comprehensive reflection of dissolved substances, suspended particles, plankton, sky, and bottom color in water. Therefore, the aquaculture water bodies can be divided into different types empirically based on the differences in water color.
(1) Thin water: Light, the water body is light green or light blue, its transparency is 60 to 70 cm or more, plankton is few, and filamentous algae and aquatic weeds are more.
Bad water: Although there are many phytoplankton species in the following water bodies, their surfaces are glial or fibrinous, and they cannot or are difficult to be digested and utilized by fish. This is not good for fish farming.
1. Hazy dark gray and blue-green: lower transparency, greater turbidity, sometimes a yellow-green floating film on the water surface. At this time, a large amount of cyanobacteria such as Microcystis, Oscillatoria and Hydacococcus is the dominant algae in the water, and it is not easily digested by fish. This kind of water cannot meet the criteria of “fat, live, tender and coolâ€. Should add new water or replace old water, and even re-fertilize.
2. 浑 Green: The water is thick, and the transparency is generally between 20 and 30 cm. In the downwind position, there is often a small amount of yellow-green suspension fines on the water surface. The composition of the dominant phytoplankton species is still relatively balanced, and the number of cyanobacteria is not too large, but the cyanobacteria will be dominant. Fry and fingerlings can maintain normal growth rates in this water. However, if this kind of water quality is not well controlled, it will easily age and become "green water."
3. "Hydrating Water": The pool water tends to appear green, blue-green or yellow-green banded or cloud-like blooms. This water is often formed by the further development of fertilizer and water. The amount of phytoplankton is very large, the transparency of water is low, and the water in the pool is more turbid. It is prone to "turning water" and worsening, turning into "smelly water." It is advisable to apply regular water or water changes to the “bloom†water, which not only maintains its continuous time, but also prevents deterioration of the water quality, thereby increasing the production of cockroach and cod.
4. Clusters of light red: distant look at the pool into a group of light red material, the distribution is uneven; close to see, light red clusters are leeches and other Cladocera zooplankton due to excessive reproduction. The morning or evening is more obvious. In this water-colored water, zooplankton is the dominant species. The water quality is not good and water quality should be adjusted as soon as possible. One way to regulate this kind of water quality is to increase the stocking amount of carp; second is to use drugs for killing. Then, use "Tianchen Fishery Fertilizer" to re-cultivate water quality.
5. Grass green with red floating membrane: The water is thicker, and the dominant species are eutrophic algae and green algae. The floating film is red when the light is strong. The color of this water often has a "blushing green" or "reddish green" change. The water quality of this kind of water has basically no negative impact on the growth of fish when it is formed at the initial stage. However, long-term development will reduce fish appetite. The use of quicklime or copper sulphate can control the amount of these algae, thus changing the water quality, but it is easy to repeat, requiring multiple applications. In order to improve the quality of this water color.
(B) fertilizer water: yellowish brown or oil green, less turbidity, moderate transparency, generally 20 ~ 40cm. Plankton is mainly diatoms, cryptophytes, golden algae, and rotifers, which are easily digested by fish. There are also some cladoceras, copepods, and other suitable filter-feeding fish such as eel and earthworms. In general, ponds that use "Tianchen fishing manure" are mostly such bodies of water. There are three types of water colors:
1Brown water: including yellow-brown, reddish-brown, brownish green, etc., mainly diatoms, some cryptophytes, chlorella, and algae; if the water turns dark brown, water quality begins to transform into “old waterâ€. Be aware of it.
2 grass green or refreshing yellow-green: including oil green, yellow-green, green brown, etc., mainly to green algae (Chlorella, algae, and algae), and some diatoms, this kind of water and fertilizer is moderate, suitable for growing white flowers Hey.
3 oil color gradient gray: This water color more "soft, cool", and moderate fatness. Oil clearing is caused by the large-scale reproduction of phytoplankton and protozoa, followed by the reproduction of zooplankton, such as rotifers and nauplii, which renders the pool water gray and often called "gray water." The water quality of these two kinds of water color, the activity of plankton is very strong, and the population composition of plankton is relatively average, which is a good quality of water for the cultivation of fry. Eel and salmon species grow well in this water color.
(3) Bad water: It is reddish-brown and brown in color. It mainly contains red toxins that contain toxins. After ingestion, fish indigestion may even cause death. Such untreated can not be used for breeding;
(D) industrial pollution water: chaotic water color, red, brown, milky white, etc., the water contains excessive sulfide, cyanide, and mercury, chromium, lead, zinc, arsenic, nickel and other heavy metals, the survival and growth of fish And development is extremely unfavorable. This unpurified treatment cannot be used for breeding.
Third, the "fat, live, tender, cool" specific meaning
"Fat": that is, there are many plankton and there are many kinds of fish digestible species, and the transparency is about 30 centimeters;
"Live": that is, the color and transparency of the water are constantly changing and not dying. It is the performance of the phytoplankton in its prosperous period;
"Tender": that is, the water is fresh, not easy to digest, and phytoplankton is easy to digest (The cyanobacteria and other difficult-to-digest species breed in large numbers. The gray-blue or blue-green color of the water, or the senescence of the phytoplankton cells, will reduce the freshness of the water and become "old water." );
"Shuang": that is, fresh water, no floating film on the surface, less turbidity, transparency is generally greater than 20 ~ 25 cm, dissolved oxygen in water is higher.
To maintain the water quality of “fat, live, tender, and coolâ€, it is necessary to transport substances (feed, fertilizer) to the pond regularly, quantitatively, and qualitatively, and constantly update the pool water to improve the status of dissolved oxygen.
Fourth, the quality of breeding water quality judgment
Over the years, China’s aquatic technology workers and fishermen have summed up “four look†methods to determine water quality.
1. Look at the water color: Because of the different nutrients contained in various fertilizers, there are differences in the population and quantity of plankton produced, and the water participants present different water colors. The water is brownish and green, all of which are typical fertilizers, containing plenty of plankton that are easily digested by fish.
2. Look at the change of water color: The phytoplankton that are easily digested by fish have obvious phototaxis. During the day, with the increase of light, the algae gradually tend to the upper layer. The vertical distribution of algae at 2 pm is very obvious; at night, due to the weakening of the light, the distribution of algae More uniform. The formation of the water body has the characteristics of daily transparency with large transparency, light water color, low transparency in the afternoon and strong water color.
In addition, alternating shades of color appear between 10 and 15 days in water, which is due to the substitution of one dominant population of algae by another. The constant renewal of the species of fish digestible algae is the best performance of "live water", and it is also the prerequisite for stable and high yield. On the other hand, zooplankton that feed on algae also have obvious periodic changes of the day or month.
3, look at the wind film: According to the pond wind (especially the outlet of the pond corner) oil film color, area, thickness to determine the quality of water.
Fertilizer: Generally, the oil film on the downwind is thick, sticky, and foamy, accompanied by obvious daily changes, that is, it is brownish or smoky gray in the morning and mostly green in the afternoon. In addition to organic debris, oil film also contains a large amount of algae;
Bad water: The area of ​​the oil film under the wind is too thick, thick and accompanied by nausea and even blackening. Change and flush water immediately. At the same time, strictly control the amount of fertilizer or stop feeding or fertilizing depending on the weather conditions.
4. Look at water bloom: Water bloom can directly reflect the physicochemical properties and biological characteristics of water, as well as its impact on fish and its harm status. It is an ideal indicator to determine water quality (see Table 1).
The ribbons or clouds of blooms are over-fertilized. Continued development has significant damage to fish and should be controlled.
Table 1 Relationship between species and water quality of common indicator organisms in ponds
Aqua
Bloom color and shape
Dominant population
season
Water quality type
Note
Blue-green, cloud-like
Blue, green, naked, dinoflagellates
May-November
Brown, cloud
Dinophora
May-November
Grass green, cloud shape, dark black
Knapweed
May-November
Red sauce, cloud shape
Cryptophyta
April-November
Red brown
Green, cloud shaped
Actinococcum
Spring and autumn
Fertilizer, general
Brown
Turmeric
Cyclotella
Summer and autumn
Fertilizer, general
Brown
Reddish brown, filiform
Ceramide
spring
Slim water quality
Dark green
Surface with dark green oil film, sticky, foam
Chlamydomonas
spring
Good water
Dark green
Green water, under the wind with dark green film
Euglena
summer
Fertilizer, general
Oil green
Under the wind surface with reddish brown or soot film, sticky
Chlamydomonas
May-November
Fertilizer, general
Oil green
Waterless, oil-free film
Chlorella
May-November
Older water quality
Green
Surface patina globose bloom, small particles, no stickiness
Microcystis, Oscillatoria
Summer and autumn
"Lake water" difference
Bean green
Surface bean green floc-like bloom, large particles, no stickiness
Spirulina
Summer and autumn
Fertilizer, good
Light green
Surface with rust film, sticky
Red Eye Euglena
Summer and autumn
Thin water, poor
gray
no
Rotifer
spring
Good, easy to float head
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